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Letters to His Son, 1748 On the Fine Art of
Letters to His Son, 1748 On the Fine Art of

Chapter XXXV · Chapter 35

Chapter 35 of Letters to His Son, 1748 On the Fine Art of is here in full — 24 sentences across 5 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/4 · 5 lines
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LONDON, December 6, O. S.
1748.
DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.
My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.
As he grew, toward the last, lethargic, his end was not painful to himself.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to His Son, 1748 On the Fine Art of

Chapter XXXV · Chapter 35

Chapter 35 of Letters to His Son, 1748 On the Fine Art of is here in full — 24 sentences across 5 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/4 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
LONDON, December 6, O. S.
Line 2
1748.
Line 3
DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.
/dɪr bɔɪ aɪ æm æt ˈprezənt ˈʌndər ˈveri ɡreɪt kənˈsɜːrn fɔːr ðə lɔːs ʌv ə moʊst əˈfekʃənət ˈbrʌðər wɪð huːm aɪ hæd ˈɔːlweɪz lɪvd ɪn ðə ˈkloʊsəst ˈfrendʃɪp/
Line 4
My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.
/maɪ ˈbrʌðər dʒɑːn daɪd læst ˈfraɪdi naɪt ʌv ə fɪt ʌv ðə ɡaʊt wɪtʃ hiː hæd hæd fɔːr əˈbaʊt ə mʌnθ ɪn hɪz hændz ənd fiːt ənd wɪtʃ fel æt læst əˈpɑːn hɪz ˈstʌmək ənd hed/
Line 5
As he grew, toward the last, lethargic, his end was not painful to himself.
/æz hiː ɡruː təˈwɔːrd ðə læst ləˈθɑːrdʒɪk hɪz end wɑːz nɑːt ˈpeɪnfəl tuː hɪmˈself/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

affectionate adjective US /əˈfekʃənət/

having or displaying warmth or affection

From this reading “DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.”

closest adverb US /ˈkloʊsəst/

(superlative of “near” or “close”) within the shortest distance

From this reading “DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.”

concern noun US /kənˈsɜːrn/

something that interests you because it is important or affects you

From this reading “DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.”

December noun US /dɪˈsembər/

the last (12th) month of the year

From this reading “LONDON, December 6, O. S.”

Friday noun US /ˈfraɪdi/

the sixth day of the week; the fifth working day

From this reading “My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.”

gout noun US /ɡaʊt/

a painful inflammation of the big toe and foot caused by defects in uric acid metabolism resulting in deposits of the acid and its salts in the blood and joints

From this reading “My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.”

lethargic adjective US /ləˈθɑːrdʒɪk/

deficient in alertness or activity

From this reading “As he grew, toward the last, lethargic, his end was not painful to himself.”

stomach noun US /ˈstʌmək/

an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal; the principal organ of digestion

From this reading “My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.”

All words in this reading · 62

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1748

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1748.

6

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LONDON, December 6, O. S.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

affectionateadjectiveUS /əˈfekʃənət/

having or displaying warmth or affection

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As he grew, toward the last, lethargic, his end was not painful to himself.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

BOYnounUS /bɔɪ/

a youthful male person

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

brothernounUS /ˈbrʌðər/

a male with the same parents as someone else

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

closestadverbUS /ˈkloʊsəst/

(superlative of “near” or “close”) within the shortest distance

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

concernnounUS /kənˈsɜːrn/

something that interests you because it is important or affects you

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

DEARadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

DecembernounUS /dɪˈsembər/

the last (12th) month of the year

From this reading LONDON, December 6, O. S.

diedverbUS /daɪd/

past form of “die” — pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading As he grew, toward the last, lethargic, his end was not painful to himself.

feetnounUS /fiːt/

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

fellverbUS /fel/

cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

fitverbUS /fɪt/

be agreeable or acceptable to

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

FridaynounUS /ˈfraɪdi/

the sixth day of the week; the fifth working day

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

friendshipnounUS /ˈfrendʃɪp/

the state of being friends (or friendly)

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

goutnounUS /ɡaʊt/

a painful inflammation of the big toe and foot caused by defects in uric acid metabolism resulting in deposits of the acid and its salts in the blood and joints

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

grewverbUS /ɡruː/

inflected form of “grow” — pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading As he grew, toward the last, lethargic, his end was not painful to himself.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

handsnounUS /hændz/

(with “in”) guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading As he grew, toward the last, lethargic, his end was not painful to himself.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

JohnnounUS /dʒɑːn/

a room or building equipped with one or more toilets

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

lethargicadjectiveUS /ləˈθɑːrdʒɪk/

deficient in alertness or activity

From this reading As he grew, toward the last, lethargic, his end was not painful to himself.

livedverbUS /lɪvd/

past form of “live” — be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

LONDONnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading LONDON, December 6, O. S.

lossnounUS /lɔːs/

something that is lost

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

monthnounUS /mʌnθ/

one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

MydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading As he grew, toward the last, lethargic, his end was not painful to himself.

OnounUS /oʊ/

a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earth's crust

From this reading LONDON, December 6, O. S.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

painfuladjectiveUS /ˈpeɪnfəl/

causing physical or psychological pain

From this reading As he grew, toward the last, lethargic, his end was not painful to himself.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

SnounUS /es/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading LONDON, December 6, O. S.

stomachnounUS /ˈstʌmək/

an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal; the principal organ of digestion

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading As he grew, toward the last, lethargic, his end was not painful to himself.

towardprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrd/

in the direction of

From this reading As he grew, toward the last, lethargic, his end was not painful to himself.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading As he grew, toward the last, lethargic, his end was not painful to himself.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading My brother John died last Friday night, of a fit of the gout, which he had had for about a month in his hands and feet, and which fell at last upon his stomach and head.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading DEAR BOY: I am at present under very great concern for the loss of a most affectionate brother, with whom I had always lived in the closest friendship.

Chapter 35 of Letters to His Son, 1748 On the Fine Art of by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield holds 24 sentences, grouped into 5 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 35 of Letters to His Son, 1748 On the Fine Art of contain?

Chapter 35 holds 24 sentences of Letters to His Son, 1748 On the Fine Art of, unabridged, divided into 5 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 35 of Letters to His Son, 1748 On the Fine Art of by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 24 sentences, grouped into 5 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 35 of Letters to His Son, 1748 On the Fine Art of?

Work through the 5 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 5 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 35 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #3352, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in Letters to His Son, 1748 On the Fine Art of

Words and structures a reader meets early in Letters to His Son, 1748 On the Fine Art of, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

January
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Edified
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1748 On the Fine Art of; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Allotment
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Leipsig
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