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Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of
Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of

Chapter XVI · Chapter 16

Chapter 16 of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of is here in full — 54 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/10 · 5 lines
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LONDON, May 6, O. S.
1751.
MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.
Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.
I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of

Chapter XVI · Chapter 16

Chapter 16 of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of is here in full — 54 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/10 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
LONDON, May 6, O. S.
Line 2
1751.
Line 3
MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.
/maɪ dɪr frend ðə best ˈɔːθərz ɑːr ˈɔːlweɪz ðə səˈvɪrəst ˈkrɪtɪks ʌv ðer oʊn wɜːrks ðeɪ rɪˈvaɪz kərˈekt faɪl ənd ˈpɑːlɪʃ ðem tɪl ðeɪ θɪŋk ðeɪ hæv brɔːt ðem tuː pərˈfekʃən/
Line 4
Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.
/kənˈsɪdərɪŋ juː æz maɪ wɜːrk aɪ duː nɑːt lʊk əˈpɑːn ˌmaɪˈself æz ə bæd ˈɔːθər ənd æm ˈðerfɔːr ə səˈvɪr ˈkrɪtɪk/
Line 5
I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

critic noun US /ˈkrɪtɪk/

a person who is professionally engaged in the analysis and interpretation of works of art

From this reading “Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.”

critics noun US /ˈkrɪtɪks/

plural of “critic” — a person who is professionally engaged in the analysis and interpretation of works of art

From this reading “MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.”

expose verb US /ɪkˈspoʊz/

expose or make accessible to some action or influence

From this reading “I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.”

inaccuracy noun US /ˌɪˈnækjərəsi/

the quality of being inaccurate and having errors

From this reading “I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.”

narrowly adverb US /ˈneroʊli/

in a narrow manner; not allowing for exceptions

From this reading “I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.”

polish noun US /ˈpɑːlɪʃ/

the property of being smooth and shiny

From this reading “MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.”

revise verb US /rɪˈvaɪz/

make revisions in

From this reading “MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.”

severest adjective US /səˈvɪrəst/

superlative of “severe” — intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality

From this reading “MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.”

All words in this reading · 65

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1751

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1751.

6

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LONDON, May 6, O. S.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

authornounUS /ˈɔːθər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

authorsnounUS /ˈɔːθərz/

plural of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

badadjectiveUS /bæd/

having undesirable or negative qualities

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

ConsideringverbUS /kənˈsɪdərɪŋ/

-ing form of “consider” — deem to be

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

correctverbUS /kərˈekt/

make right or correct

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

criticnounUS /ˈkrɪtɪk/

a person who is professionally engaged in the analysis and interpretation of works of art

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

criticsnounUS /ˈkrɪtɪks/

plural of “critic” — a person who is professionally engaged in the analysis and interpretation of works of art

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

DEARadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

examineverbUS /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/

consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning

From this reading I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

exposeverbUS /ɪkˈspoʊz/

expose or make accessible to some action or influence

From this reading I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

fileverbUS /faɪl/

record in a public office or in a court of law

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

FRIENDnounUS /frend/

a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

inaccuracynounUS /ˌɪˈnækjərəsi/

the quality of being inaccurate and having errors

From this reading I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

inelegancenoun

the quality of lacking refinement and good taste

From this reading I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

LONDONnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading LONDON, May 6, O. S.

lookverbUS /lʊk/

perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

Maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading LONDON, May 6, O. S.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

myselfpronounUS /ˌmaɪˈself/

used when the speaker is also the object of the action

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

narrowlyadverbUS /ˈneroʊli/

in a narrow manner; not allowing for exceptions

From this reading I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

OnounUS /oʊ/

a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earth's crust

From this reading LONDON, May 6, O. S.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

perfectadjectiveUS /pərˈfekt/

being complete of its kind and without defect or blemish

From this reading I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

perfectionnounUS /pərˈfekʃən/

the state of being without a flaw or defect

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

polishnounUS /ˈpɑːlɪʃ/

the property of being smooth and shiny

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

reviseverbUS /rɪˈvaɪz/

make revisions in

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

SnounUS /es/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading LONDON, May 6, O. S.

severeadjectiveUS /səˈvɪr/

intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

severestadjectiveUS /səˈvɪrəst/

superlative of “severe” — intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading I examine narrowly into the least inaccuracy or inelegance, in order to correct, not to expose them, and that the work may be perfect at last.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

tillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file, and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Considering you as my work, I do not look upon myself as a bad author, and am therefore a severe critic.

Chapter 16 of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield holds 54 sentences, grouped into 11 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 16 of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of contain?

Chapter 16 holds 54 sentences of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of, unabridged, divided into 11 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 16 of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 54 sentences, grouped into 11 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 16 of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of?

Work through the 11 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 11 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 16 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 16 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #3355, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of

Words and structures a reader meets early in Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Friend
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Letter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Debut'
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Paris
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.