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Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of
Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of

Chapter XXIX · Chapter 29

Chapter 29 of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of is here in full — 59 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/11 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
LONDON, December 30, O. S.
1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.
They used anciently to follow the court, and administer justice in presence of the King.
Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.
It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of

Chapter XXIX · Chapter 29

Chapter 29 of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of is here in full — 59 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/11 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
LONDON, December 30, O. S.
Line 2
1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.
Line 3
They used anciently to follow the court, and administer justice in presence of the King.
Line 4
Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.
Line 5
It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

administer verb US /ədˈmɪnəstər/

work in an administrative capacity; supervise or be in charge of

From this reading “They used anciently to follow the court, and administer justice in presence of the King.”

Bel noun US /bel/

a logarithmic unit of sound intensity equal to 10 decibels

From this reading “Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.”

consisted verb US /kənˈsɪstəd/

past form of “consist” — originate

From this reading “It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.”

create verb US /kriˈeɪt/

make or cause to be or to become

From this reading “It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.”

December noun US /dɪˈsembər/

the last (12th) month of the year

From this reading “LONDON, December 30, O. S.”

edict noun US /ˈiːdɪkt/

a formal or authoritative proclamation

From this reading “Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.”

multiplicity noun US /ˌmʌltəˈplɪsɪti/

the property of being multiple

From this reading “It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.”

parliaments noun US /ˈpɑːrləmənts/

plural of “parliament” — a legislative assembly in certain countries

From this reading “1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.”

All words in this reading · 67

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1302

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.

1751

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

30

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LONDON, December 30, O. S.

administerverbUS /ədˈmɪnəstər/

work in an administrative capacity; supervise or be in charge of

From this reading They used anciently to follow the court, and administer justice in presence of the King.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.

ancientlyadverb

in ancient times; long ago

From this reading They used anciently to follow the court, and administer justice in presence of the King.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

BelnounUS /bel/

a logarithmic unit of sound intensity equal to 10 decibels

From this reading Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.

businessnounUS /ˈbɪznəs/

a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

chambre

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

chambres

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

consistedverbUS /kənˈsɪstəd/

past form of “consist” — originate

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

courtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading They used anciently to follow the court, and administer justice in presence of the King.

courtsnounUS /kɔːrts/

plural of “court” — an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

createverbUS /kriˈeɪt/

make or cause to be or to become

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

DEARadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

DecembernounUS /dɪˈsembər/

the last (12th) month of the year

From this reading LONDON, December 30, O. S.

degreesnounUS /dɪˈɡriːz/

plural of “degree” — a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

desnounUS /des/

a potent estrogen used in medicine and in feed for livestock and poultry

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

ecclesiastics

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

edictnounUS /ˈiːdɪkt/

a formal or authoritative proclamation

From this reading Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.

fixedadjectiveUS /fɪkst/

(of a number) having a fixed and unchanging value

From this reading Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.

followverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊ/

to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading They used anciently to follow the court, and administer justice in presence of the King.

FrancenounUS /fræns/

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

FRIENDnounUS /frend/

a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.

justicenounUS /ˈdʒʌstəs/

the quality of being just or fair

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading They used anciently to follow the court, and administer justice in presence of the King.

lanounUS /lɑː/

a white soft metallic element that tarnishes readily; occurs in rare earth minerals and is usually classified as a rare earth

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

lenounUS /lə/

a chronic inflammatory collagen disease affecting connective tissue (skin or joints)

From this reading Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.

LONDONnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading LONDON, December 30, O. S.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

membersnounUS /ˈmembərz/

plural of “member” — one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization)

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

multiplicitynounUS /ˌmʌltəˈplɪsɪti/

the property of being multiple

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

OnounUS /oʊ/

a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earth's crust

From this reading LONDON, December 30, O. S.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

ParisnounUS /ˈperɪs/

the capital and largest city of France; and international center of culture and commerce

From this reading Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.

parliamentsnounUS /ˈpɑːrləmənts/

plural of “parliament” — a legislative assembly in certain countries

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

PhilipnounUS /ˈfɪləp/

Englishman and husband of Elizabeth II (born 1921)

From this reading Philip le Bel first fixed it at Paris, by an edict of 1302.

Prelats

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

presencenounUS /ˈprezəns/

the state of being present; current existence

From this reading They used anciently to follow the court, and administer justice in presence of the King.

SnounUS /es/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading LONDON, December 30, O. S.

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They used anciently to follow the court, and administer justice in presence of the King.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading They used anciently to follow the court, and administer justice in presence of the King.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading They used anciently to follow the court, and administer justice in presence of the King.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

Westminster-Hall

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading 1751 MY DEAR FRIEND: The parliaments are the courts of justice of France, and are what our courts of justice in Westminster-Hall are here.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It consisted then of but one chambre, which was called 'la Chambre des Prelats', most of the members being ecclesiastics; but the multiplicity of business made it by degrees necessary to create several other chambres.

Chapter 29 of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield holds 59 sentences, grouped into 12 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 29 of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of contain?

Chapter 29 holds 59 sentences of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of, unabridged, divided into 12 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 29 of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 59 sentences, grouped into 12 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 29 of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of?

Work through the 12 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 12 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 29 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 29 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of?

Yes. All 1269 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #3355 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #3355, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 105 minutes of reading across 254 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of

Words and structures a reader meets early in Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Friend
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Letter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Debut'
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Paris
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1751 On the Fine Art of; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.