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Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art
Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art is here in full — 34 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art
Context Illustration Reading 1/6 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.
You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.
I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.
I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.
Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art is here in full — 34 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/6 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.
Line 2
You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.
Line 3
I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.
/aɪ bɪˈliːv ɪt wɑːz ˈpeɪnfəl ənd aɪ æm ɡlæd ɪt ɪz kjʊrd bʌt ə sɔːr ˈfɪŋɡər ˌhaʊˈevər ˈpeɪnfəl ɪz ə mʌtʃ les ˈiːvəl ðæn ˈleɪzinəs ʌv ˈiːðər ˈbɑːdi ɔːr maɪnd ənd əˈtendɪd baɪ ˈfjuːər ɪl ˈkɑːnsəkwensəz/
Line 4
I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.
Line 5
Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bankrupt verb US /ˈbæŋkrəpt/

reduce to bankruptcy

From this reading “Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.”

civility noun US /səˈvɪləti/

formal or perfunctory politeness

From this reading “Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.”

commercial adjective US /kəˈmɜːrʃəl/

connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises

From this reading “Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.”

countrymen noun US /ˈkʌntrimɪn/

plural of “countryman” — a man from your own country

From this reading “I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.”

cured adjective US /kjʊrd/

freed from illness or injury

From this reading “I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.”

fewer adjective US /ˈfjuːər/

(comparative of “few” used with count nouns) quantifier meaning a smaller number of

From this reading “I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.”

laziness noun US /ˈleɪzinəs/

inactivity resulting from a dislike of work

From this reading “I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.”

medium noun US /ˈmiːdiəm/

a means or instrumentality for storing or communicating information

From this reading “Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.”

All words in this reading · 112

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

15th

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

1753

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

25

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

7th

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

addressverbUS /ˈædres/

speak to

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

advanceverbUS /ədˈvæns/

move forward, also in the metaphorical sense

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

anybodypronounUS /ˈenibədi/

any person at all

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

attendedadjectiveUS /əˈtendɪd/

playing or singing with instrumental or vocal accompaniment

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

bankruptverbUS /ˈbæŋkrəpt/

reduce to bankruptcy

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

bearverbUS /ber/

have

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

believeverbUS /bɪˈliːv/

accept as true; take to be true

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

best-bred

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

civilitynounUS /səˈvɪləti/

formal or perfunctory politeness

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

commercialadjectiveUS /kəˈmɜːrʃəl/

connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

consequencesnounUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwensəz/

plural of “consequence” — a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

countrymennounUS /ˈkʌntrimɪn/

plural of “countryman” — a man from your own country

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

courtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

curedadjectiveUS /kjʊrd/

freed from illness or injury

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

DEARadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

DecembernounUS /dɪˈsembər/

the last (12th) month of the year

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

distinguishedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/

(used of persons) standing above others in character or attainment or reputation

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

else

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

equallyadverbUS /ˈiːkwəli/

to the same degree (often followed by “as”)

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

evilnounUS /ˈiːvəl/

morally objectionable behavior

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

expectedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈspektəd/

considered likely or probable to happen or arrive

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

fellow-travelers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

feweradjectiveUS /ˈfjuːər/

(comparative of “few” used with count nouns) quantifier meaning a smaller number of

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

fingerverbUS /ˈfɪŋɡər/

feel or handle with the fingers

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

FRIENDnounUS /frend/

a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

furnishedadjectiveUS /ˈfɜːrnɪʃt/

provided with whatever is necessary for a purpose (as furniture or equipment or authority)

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

gladadjectiveUS /ɡlæd/

showing or causing joy and pleasure; especially made happy

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

goverbUS /ɡoʊ/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

grantedadjectiveUS /ˈɡræntəd/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

hearverbUS /hiːr/

perceive (sound) via the auditory sense

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

illadjectiveUS /ɪl/

affected by an impairment of normal physical or mental function

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

latelyadverbUS /ˈleɪtli/

in the recent past

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

lazinessnounUS /ˈleɪzinəs/

inactivity resulting from a dislike of work

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

lettersnounUS /ˈletərz/

the literary culture

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

LONDONnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

Manheim

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

mannersnounUS /ˈmænərz/

social deportment

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

mediumnounUS /ˈmiːdiəm/

a means or instrumentality for storing or communicating information

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

moneynounUS /ˈmʌni/

the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

painfuladjectiveUS /ˈpeɪnfəl/

causing physical or psychological pain

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

receivedadjectiveUS /rəˈsiːvd/

conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

restverbUS /rest/

not move; be in a resting position

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

returnsnounUS /rɪˈtɜːrnz/

plural of “return” — document giving the tax collector information about the taxpayer's tax liability

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

settledadjectiveUS /ˈsetəld/

established or decided beyond dispute or doubt

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

signnounUS /saɪn/

a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

socialadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊʃəl/

relating to human society and its members

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

soreadjectiveUS /sɔːr/

hurting

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

specienoun

coins collectively

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life; returns are equally expected for both; and people will no more advance their civility to a bear, than their money to a bankrupt.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I believe it was painful, and I am glad it is cured; but a sore finger, however painful, is a much less evil than laziness, of either body or mind, and attended by fewer ill consequences.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

whereverconjunctionUS /weˈrevər/

in or to any place at all

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading I am very glad to hear that you were distinguished at the court of Manheim from the rest of your countrymen and fellow-travelers: it is a sign that you had better manners and address than they; for take it for granted, the best-bred people will always be the best received wherever they go.

writingnounUS /ˈraɪtɪŋ/

the act of creating written works

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

YesterdaynounUS /ˈjestərdeɪ/

the day immediately before today

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading LONDON, December 25, 1753 MY DEAR FRIEND: Yesterday again I received two letters at once from you, the one of the 7th, the other of the 15th, from Manheim.

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading You never had in your life so good a reason for not writing, either to me or to anybody else, as your sore finger lately furnished you.

Chapter 8 of Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield holds 34 sentences, grouped into 7 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art contain?

Chapter 8 holds 34 sentences of Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art, unabridged, divided into 7 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 34 sentences, grouped into 7 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art?

Work through the 7 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 7 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art

Common questions about reading Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art?

Yes. All 638 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #3357 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #3357, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art take to read?

About 53 minutes of reading across 128 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art

Words and structures a reader meets early in Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Friend
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Above
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fortnight
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Since
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1753-54 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.