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Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art
Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art is here in full — 12 sentences across 3 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art
Context Illustration Reading 1/2 · 5 lines
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MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.
I hardly remember so severe a win ter; it has occasioned many illnesses here.
I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.
Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.
Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art is here in full — 12 sentences across 3 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/2 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.
Line 2
I hardly remember so severe a win ter; it has occasioned many illnesses here.
Line 3
I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.
/aɪ æm ʃʊr ɪt pɪntʃt maɪ ˈkreɪzi ˈkɑːrkəs soʊ mʌtʃ ðæt əˈbaʊt θriː wiːks əˈɡoʊ aɪ wɑːz əˈblaɪdʒd tuː biː let blʌd twaɪs ɪn fɔːr deɪz wɪtʃ aɪ faʊnd ˈæftərwərd wɑːz ˈveri ˈnesəseri baɪ ðə rɪˈliːf ɪt ɡeɪv tuː maɪ hed ənd tuː ðə ruːˈmætɪk peɪnz ɪn maɪ lɪmz ənd frʌm ðə ˌeɡˈzekrəbəl kaɪnd ʌv blʌd wɪtʃ aɪ lɔːst/
Line 4
Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.
/pərˈhæps juː ɪkˈspekt frʌm miː ə pərˈtɪkjələr əˈkaʊnt ʌv ðə ˈprezənt steɪt ʌv əˈferz hiːr bʌt ɪf juː duː juː wɪl biː ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd fɔːr noʊ mæn ˈlɪvɪŋ ənd aɪ stɪl les ðæn ˈeniwʌn noʊz wʌt ɪt ɪz ɪt ˈveriz nɑːt ˈoʊnli ˈdeɪli bʌt ˈaʊrli/
Line 5
Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

badness noun US /ˈbædnəs/

that which is below standard or expectations as of ethics or decency

From this reading “MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.”

carcass noun US /ˈkɑːrkəs/

the dead body of an animal especially one slaughtered and dressed for food

From this reading “I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.”

execrable adjective US /ˌeɡˈzekrəbəl/

of very poor quality or condition

From this reading “I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.”

hourly adjective US /ˈaʊrli/

occurring every hour or payable by the hour

From this reading “Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.”

illnesses noun US /ˈɪlnəsɪz/

plural of “illness” — impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism

From this reading “I hardly remember so severe a win ter; it has occasioned many illnesses here.”

pinched adjective US /pɪntʃt/

sounding as if the nose were pinched

From this reading “I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.”

rheumatic noun US /ruːˈmætɪk/

a person suffering with rheumatism

From this reading “I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.”

varies verb US /ˈveriz/

third-person singular of “vary” — become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence

From this reading “Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.”

All words in this reading · 122

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

25th

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading I hardly remember so severe a win ter; it has occasioned many illnesses here.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

accountnounUS /əˈkaʊnt/

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

accountedverbUS /əˈkaʊntɪd/

past form of “account” — be the sole or primary factor in the existence, acquisition, supply, or disposal of something

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

affairsnounUS /əˈferz/

matters of personal concern

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

afterwardadverbUS /ˈæftərwərd/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

anyonepronounUS /ˈeniwʌn/

any person at all

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

badnessnounUS /ˈbædnəs/

that which is below standard or expectations as of ethics or decency

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

bloodnounUS /blʌd/

The red fluid that circulates in the heart and blood vessels.

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

carcassnounUS /ˈkɑːrkəs/

the dead body of an animal especially one slaughtered and dressed for food

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

consequentlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwəntli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

crazyadjectiveUS /ˈkreɪzi/

affected with madness or insanity

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

dailyadverbUS /ˈdeɪli/

every day; without missing a day

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

datenounUS /deɪt/

the specified day of the month

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

DEARadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

disappointedadjectiveUS /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd/

disappointingly unsuccessful

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

easilyadverbUS /ˈiːzəli/

with ease (“easy” is sometimes used informally for “easily”)

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

execrableadjectiveUS /ˌeɡˈzekrəbəl/

of very poor quality or condition

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

expectverbUS /ɪkˈspekt/

regard something as probable or likely

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

formeradjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmər/

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

FRIENDnounUS /frend/

a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

gaveverbUS /ɡeɪv/

inflected form of “give” — cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

GodnounUS /ɡɑːd/

the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

hardlyadverbUS /ˈhɑːrdli/

only a very short time before

From this reading I hardly remember so severe a win ter; it has occasioned many illnesses here.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I hardly remember so severe a win ter; it has occasioned many illnesses here.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading I hardly remember so severe a win ter; it has occasioned many illnesses here.

hourlyadjectiveUS /ˈaʊrli/

occurring every hour or payable by the hour

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

illnessesnounUS /ˈɪlnəsɪz/

plural of “illness” — impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism

From this reading I hardly remember so severe a win ter; it has occasioned many illnesses here.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

knowsnounUS /noʊz/

plural of “know” — the fact of being aware of information that is known to few people

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

letternounUS /ˈletər/

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

limbsnounUS /lɪmz/

plural of “limb” — one of the jointed appendages of an animal used for locomotion or grasping: arm; leg; wing; flipper

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

livingnounUS /ˈlɪvɪŋ/

the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading I hardly remember so severe a win ter; it has occasioned many illnesses here.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

mentionverbUS /ˈmenʃən/

make reference to

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

MinistersnounUS /ˈmɪnəstərz/

plural of “minister” — a person authorized to conduct religious worship

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

MostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

obligedadjectiveUS /əˈblaɪdʒd/

under a moral obligation to do something

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

occasionedverbUS /əˈkeɪʒənd/

past form of “occasion” — give occasion to

From this reading I hardly remember so severe a win ter; it has occasioned many illnesses here.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

painsnounUS /peɪnz/

an effortful attempt to attain a goal

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

particularadjectiveUS /pərˈtɪkjələr/

unique or specific to a person or thing or category

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

pastnounUS /pæst/

the time that has elapsed

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

PerhapsadverbUS /pərˈhæps/

by chance

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

pinchedadjectiveUS /pɪntʃt/

sounding as if the nose were pinched

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

prettyadjectiveUS /ˈprɪti/

pleasing by delicacy or grace; not imposing

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

receivedadjectiveUS /rəˈsiːvd/

conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

reliefnounUS /rɪˈliːf/

the feeling that comes when something burdensome is removed or reduced

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

rememberverbUS /rɪˈmɛm.bər/

To recall to mind.

From this reading I hardly remember so severe a win ter; it has occasioned many illnesses here.

restverbUS /rest/

not move; be in a resting position

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

rheumaticnounUS /ruːˈmætɪk/

a person suffering with rheumatism

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

roadsnounUS /roʊdz/

a partly sheltered anchorage

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

severeadjectiveUS /səˈvɪr/

intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality

From this reading I hardly remember so severe a win ter; it has occasioned many illnesses here.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading I hardly remember so severe a win ter; it has occasioned many illnesses here.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

statenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

stylenounUS /staɪl/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

sureadjectiveUS /ʃʊr/

having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

tennounUS /ten/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

ter

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I hardly remember so severe a win ter; it has occasioned many illnesses here.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

twiceadverbUS /twaɪs/

two times

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

variesverbUS /ˈveriz/

third-person singular of “vary” — become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Most people think, and I among the rest, that the date of the present Ministers is pretty near out; but how soon we are to have a new style, God knows.

weathernounUS /ˈweðər/

the atmospheric conditions that comprise the state of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

weeksnounUS /wiːks/

plural of “week” — any period of seven consecutive days

From this reading I am sure it pinched my crazy carcass so much that, about three weeks ago, I was obliged to be let blood twice in four days, which I found afterward was very necessary, by the relief it gave to my head and to the rheumatic pains in my limbs; and from the execrable kind of blood which I lost.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Perhaps you expect from me a particular account of the present state of affairs here; but if you do you will be disappointed; for no man living (and I still less than anyone) knows what it is; it varies, not only daily, but hourly.

winverbUS /wɪn/

be the winner in a contest or competition; be victorious

From this reading I hardly remember so severe a win ter; it has occasioned many illnesses here.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I received two days ago your letter of the 25th past; and your former, which you mention in it, but ten days ago; this may easily be accounted for from the badness of the weather, and consequently of the roads.

Chapter 1 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield holds 12 sentences, grouped into 3 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art contain?

Chapter 1 holds 12 sentences of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art, unabridged, divided into 3 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 12 sentences, grouped into 3 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art?

Work through the 3 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 3 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art

Common questions about reading Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 472 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #3360 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #3360, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art take to read?

About 39 minutes of reading across 95 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art

Words and structures a reader meets early in Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Friend
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Received
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Letter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Former
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.