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Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art
Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art

Chapter XXII · Chapter 22

Chapter 22 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art is here in full — 16 sentences across 4 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/3 · 5 lines
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BATH, December 27, 1767.
'En nova progenies'!
MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.
Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.
General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art

Chapter XXII · Chapter 22

Chapter 22 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art is here in full — 16 sentences across 4 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/3 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
BATH, December 27, 1767.
Line 2
'En nova progenies'!
Line 3
MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.
Line 4
Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.
Line 5
General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

December noun US /dɪˈsembər/

the last (12th) month of the year

From this reading “BATH, December 27, 1767.”

Ministry noun US /ˈmɪnəstri/

religious ministers collectively (especially Presbyterian)

From this reading “MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.”

nova noun US /ˈnoʊvə/

a star that ejects some of its material in the form of a cloud and becomes more luminous in the process

From this reading “'En nova progenies'!”

outlines noun US /ˈaʊtlaɪnz/

plural of “outline” — the line that appears to bound an object

From this reading “MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.”

Postmaster noun US /ˈpoʊstmæstər/

the person in charge of a post office

From this reading “Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.”

Sandwich noun US /ˈsændwɪtʃ/

two (or more) slices of bread with a filling between them

From this reading “Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.”

seals noun US /siːlz/

plural of “seal” — fastener consisting of a resinous composition that is plastic when warm; used for sealing documents and parcels and letters

From this reading “General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.”

surrender noun US /sərˈendər/

acceptance of despair

From this reading “General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.”

All words in this reading · 62

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1767

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading BATH, December 27, 1767.

27

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading BATH, December 27, 1767.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

AmericanounUS /əˈmerəkə/

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

BATHnounUS /bæθ/

a vessel containing liquid in which something is immersed (as to process it or to maintain it at a constant temperature or to lubricate it)

From this reading BATH, December 27, 1767.

Bedford

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

Canway

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.

CouncilnounUS /ˈkaʊnsəl/

a body serving in an administrative capacity

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

DEARadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

DecembernounUS /dɪˈsembər/

the last (12th) month of the year

From this reading BATH, December 27, 1767.

declaredadjectiveUS /dɪˈklerd/

made known or openly avowed

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

DukenounUS /duːk/

a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

EnnounUS /en/

half the width of an em

From this reading 'En nova progenies'!

filledadjectiveUS /fɪld/

(usually followed by “with” or used as a combining form) generously supplied with

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

formedadjectiveUS /fɔːrmd/

having or given a form or shape

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

fortnightnounUS /ˈfɔːrtnaɪt/

a period of fourteen consecutive days

From this reading General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.

FRIENDnounUS /frend/

a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

GeneraladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.

Gower

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

Hillsborough

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

IrelandnounUS /ˈaɪərlənd/

a republic consisting of 26 of 32 counties comprising the island of Ireland; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1921

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

keepverbUS /kiːp/

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.

longeradverbUS /ˈlɔːŋɡər/

for more time

From this reading General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.

LordnounUS /lɔːrd/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

MinistrynounUS /ˈmɪnəstri/

religious ministers collectively (especially Presbyterian)

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

novanounUS /ˈnoʊvə/

a star that ejects some of its material in the form of a cloud and becomes more luminous in the process

From this reading 'En nova progenies'!

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

outlinesnounUS /ˈaʊtlaɪnz/

plural of “outline” — the line that appears to bound an object

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

PostmasternounUS /ˈpoʊstmæstər/

the person in charge of a post office

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

PresidentnounUS /ˈprezədent/

an executive officer of a firm or corporation

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

progenies

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 'En nova progenies'!

quiteadverbUS /kwaɪt/

to a degree (not used with a negative)

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

Rigby

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

SandwichnounUS /ˈsændwɪtʃ/

two (or more) slices of bread with a filling between them

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

sealsnounUS /siːlz/

plural of “seal” — fastener consisting of a resinous composition that is plastic when warm; used for sealing documents and parcels and letters

From this reading General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.

SecretarynounUS /ˈsekrəteri/

a person who is head of an administrative department of government

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

StatenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

surrendernounUS /sərˈendər/

acceptance of despair

From this reading General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

Vice-treasurer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Lord Gower is made President of the Council, Lord Sandwich, Postmaster, Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for America only, Mr. Rigby, Vice-treasurer of Ireland.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

Weymouth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading General Canway is to keep the seals a fortnight longer, and then to surrender them to Lord Weymouth.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: The outlines of a new Ministry are now declared, but they are not yet quite filled up; it was formed by the Duke of Bedford.

Chapter 22 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield holds 16 sentences, grouped into 4 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 22 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art contain?

Chapter 22 holds 16 sentences of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art, unabridged, divided into 4 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 22 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 16 sentences, grouped into 4 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 22 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art?

Work through the 4 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 4 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 22 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 22 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art

Common questions about reading Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art?

Yes. All 472 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #3360 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #3360, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art take to read?

About 39 minutes of reading across 95 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art section by section

How to work through Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art

Words and structures a reader meets early in Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Friend
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Received
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Letter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Former
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.