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Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art
Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art

Chapter XXIII · Chapter 23

Chapter 23 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art is here in full — 16 sentences across 4 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art
Context Illustration Reading 1/3 · 5 lines
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LONDON, January 29, 1768.
MY DEAR FRIEND: Two days ago I received your letter of the 8th.
I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.
It congealed both my body and my mind, and scarcely left me the power of thinking.
A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art

Chapter XXIII · Chapter 23

Chapter 23 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art is here in full — 16 sentences across 4 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/3 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
LONDON, January 29, 1768.
Line 2
MY DEAR FRIEND: Two days ago I received your letter of the 8th.
Line 3
I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.
/aɪ wɪʃ juː hæd ɡɔːn ə mʌnθ ɔːr sɪks wiːks ˈsuːnər tuː ˈbæsəl ðæt juː maɪt hæv ɪˈskeɪpt ðə ɪkˈsesɪv koʊld ʌv ðə moʊst səˈvɪr ˈwɪntər ðæt aɪ bɪˈliːv wɑːz ˈevər noʊn/
Line 4
It congealed both my body and my mind, and scarcely left me the power of thinking.
/ɪt kənˈdʒiːld boʊθ maɪ ˈbɑːdi ənd maɪ maɪnd ənd ˈskersli left miː ðə ˈpaʊər ʌv ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/
Line 5
A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.
/ə ɡreɪt ˈmeni hiːr boʊθ ɪn taʊn ənd ˈkʌntri hæv ˈperɪʃt baɪ ðə frɔːst ənd bɪn lɔːst ɪn ðə snoʊ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Basle noun US /ˈbæsəl/

a city in northwestern Switzerland

From this reading “I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.”

congealed adjective US /kənˈdʒiːld/

congealed into jelly; solidified by cooling

From this reading “It congealed both my body and my mind, and scarcely left me the power of thinking.”

escaped adjective US /ɪˈskeɪpt/

having escaped, especially from confinement

From this reading “I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.”

excessive adjective US /ɪkˈsesɪv/

beyond normal limits

From this reading “I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.”

frost noun US /frɔːst/

ice crystals forming a white deposit (especially on objects outside)

From this reading “A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.”

January noun US /ˈdʒænjuːeri/

the first month of the year; begins 10 days after the winter solstice

From this reading “LONDON, January 29, 1768.”

perished verb US /ˈperɪʃt/

past form of “perish” — pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading “A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.”

severe adjective US /səˈvɪr/

intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality

From this reading “I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.”

All words in this reading · 65

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1768

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LONDON, January 29, 1768.

29

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LONDON, January 29, 1768.

8th

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: Two days ago I received your letter of the 8th.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: Two days ago I received your letter of the 8th.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It congealed both my body and my mind, and scarcely left me the power of thinking.

BaslenounUS /ˈbæsəl/

a city in northwestern Switzerland

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.

believeverbUS /bɪˈliːv/

accept as true; take to be true

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading It congealed both my body and my mind, and scarcely left me the power of thinking.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading It congealed both my body and my mind, and scarcely left me the power of thinking.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.

coldadjectiveUS /koʊld/

having a low or inadequate temperature or feeling a sensation of coldness or having been made cold by e.g. ice or refrigeration

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

congealedadjectiveUS /kənˈdʒiːld/

congealed into jelly; solidified by cooling

From this reading It congealed both my body and my mind, and scarcely left me the power of thinking.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: Two days ago I received your letter of the 8th.

DEARadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: Two days ago I received your letter of the 8th.

escapedadjectiveUS /ɪˈskeɪpt/

having escaped, especially from confinement

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

excessiveadjectiveUS /ɪkˈsesɪv/

beyond normal limits

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

FRIENDnounUS /frend/

a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: Two days ago I received your letter of the 8th.

frostnounUS /frɔːst/

ice crystals forming a white deposit (especially on objects outside)

From this reading A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.

goneadjectiveUS /ɡɔːn/

destroyed or killed

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: Two days ago I received your letter of the 8th.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It congealed both my body and my mind, and scarcely left me the power of thinking.

JanuarynounUS /ˈdʒænjuːeri/

the first month of the year; begins 10 days after the winter solstice

From this reading LONDON, January 29, 1768.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading It congealed both my body and my mind, and scarcely left me the power of thinking.

letternounUS /ˈletər/

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: Two days ago I received your letter of the 8th.

LONDONnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading LONDON, January 29, 1768.

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading It congealed both my body and my mind, and scarcely left me the power of thinking.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading It congealed both my body and my mind, and scarcely left me the power of thinking.

monthnounUS /mʌnθ/

one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: Two days ago I received your letter of the 8th.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: Two days ago I received your letter of the 8th.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

perishedverbUS /ˈperɪʃt/

past form of “perish” — pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading It congealed both my body and my mind, and scarcely left me the power of thinking.

receivedadjectiveUS /rəˈsiːvd/

conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: Two days ago I received your letter of the 8th.

scarcelyadverbUS /ˈskersli/

only a very short time before

From this reading It congealed both my body and my mind, and scarcely left me the power of thinking.

severeadjectiveUS /səˈvɪr/

intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

sixnounUS /sɪks/

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

snownounUS /snoʊ/

precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals

From this reading A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.

sooneradverbUS /ˈsuːnər/

comparatives of “soon” or “early”

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: Two days ago I received your letter of the 8th.

thinkingnounUS /ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/

the process of using your mind to consider something carefully

From this reading It congealed both my body and my mind, and scarcely left me the power of thinking.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

townnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading A great many here, both in town and country, have perished by the frost, and been lost in the snow.

TwonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: Two days ago I received your letter of the 8th.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

weeksnounUS /wiːks/

plural of “week” — any period of seven consecutive days

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

winternounUS /ˈwɪntər/

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

wishverbUS /wɪʃ/

hope for; have a wish

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading I wish you had gone a month or six weeks sooner to Basle, that you might have escaped the excessive cold of the most severe winter that I believe was ever known.

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: Two days ago I received your letter of the 8th.

Chapter 23 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield holds 16 sentences, grouped into 4 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 23 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art contain?

Chapter 23 holds 16 sentences of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art, unabridged, divided into 4 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 23 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 16 sentences, grouped into 4 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 23 of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art?

Work through the 4 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 4 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 23 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 23 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art

Common questions about reading Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art?

Yes. All 472 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #3360 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #3360, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art take to read?

About 39 minutes of reading across 95 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art section by section

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Vocabulary met early in Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art

Words and structures a reader meets early in Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Friend
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Received
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Letter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Former
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, 1766-71 On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.