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Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art
Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art is here in full — 127 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/25 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
LONDON, March 30, 1759
MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.
Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.
Acids are good for you, but you do not love them; and sweet things are bad for you, and you do love them.
There is another thing very bad for you, and I fear you love it too much.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art is here in full — 127 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/25 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
LONDON, March 30, 1759
Line 2
MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.
/maɪ dɪr frend aɪ duː nɑːt laɪk ðiːz ˈfriːkwənt ˌhaʊˈevər ʃɔːrt rɪˈtɜːrnz ʌv jɔːr ˈɪlnəs fɔːr aɪ daʊt ðeɪ ˌɪmˈplaɪ ˈiːðər wɑːnt ʌv skɪl ɪn jɔːr fəˈzɪʃən ɔːr wɑːnt ʌv ker ɪn hɪz ˈpeɪʃənt/
Line 3
Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.
Line 4
Acids are good for you, but you do not love them; and sweet things are bad for you, and you do love them.
/ˈæsədz ɑːr ɡʊd fɔːr juː bʌt juː duː nɑːt lʌv ðem ənd swiːt θɪŋz ɑːr bæd fɔːr juː ənd juː duː lʌv ðem/
Line 5
There is another thing very bad for you, and I fear you love it too much.
/ðer ɪz əˈnʌðər θɪŋ ˈveri bæd fɔːr juː ənd aɪ fɪr juː lʌv ɪt tuː mʌtʃ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Acids noun US /ˈæsədz/

plural of “acid” — any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt

From this reading “Acids are good for you, but you do not love them; and sweet things are bad for you, and you do love them.”

continuance noun US /kənˈtɪnjuːəns/

the act of continuing an activity without interruption

From this reading “Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.”

liver noun US /ˈlɪvər/

large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity

From this reading “Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.”

medicines noun US /ˈmedəsənz/

plural of “medicine” — the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques

From this reading “Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.”

obstructions noun US /əbˈstrʌkʃənz/

plural of “obstruction” — any structure that makes progress difficult

From this reading “Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.”

regimen noun US /ˈredʒəmən/

(medicine) a systematic plan for therapy (often including diet)

From this reading “Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.”

Rhubarb noun US /ˈruːbɑːrb/

long pinkish sour leafstalks usually eaten cooked and sweetened

From this reading “Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.”

specifics noun US /spɪˈsɪfɪks/

plural of “specific” — a fact about some part (as opposed to general)

From this reading “Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1759

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LONDON, March 30, 1759

30

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LONDON, March 30, 1759

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

AcidsnounUS /ˈæsədz/

plural of “acid” — any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt

From this reading Acids are good for you, but you do not love them; and sweet things are bad for you, and you do love them.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading There is another thing very bad for you, and I fear you love it too much.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

badadjectiveUS /bæd/

having undesirable or negative qualities

From this reading Acids are good for you, but you do not love them; and sweet things are bad for you, and you do love them.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

carenounUS /ker/

the work of providing treatment for or attending to someone or something

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

chalybeateadjective

containing or impregnated with or tasting of iron

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

continuancenounUS /kənˈtɪnjuːəns/

the act of continuing an activity without interruption

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

DEARadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

doubtnounUS /daʊt/

the state of being unsure of something

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

exactadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzækt/

Strictly particular and correct.

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

fearverbUS /fɪr/

be afraid or feel anxious or apprehensive about a possible or probable situation or event

From this reading There is another thing very bad for you, and I fear you love it too much.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

frequentverbUS /ˈfriːkwənt/

do one's shopping at; do business with; be a customer or client of

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

FRIENDnounUS /frend/

a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading Acids are good for you, but you do not love them; and sweet things are bad for you, and you do love them.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

illnessnounUS /ˈɪlnəs/

impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

implyverbUS /ˌɪmˈplaɪ/

express or state indirectly

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading There is another thing very bad for you, and I fear you love it too much.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

livernounUS /ˈlɪvər/

large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

LONDONnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading LONDON, March 30, 1759

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

lovenounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading Acids are good for you, but you do not love them; and sweet things are bad for you, and you do love them.

MarchverbUS /mɑːrtʃ/

march in a procession

From this reading LONDON, March 30, 1759

medicinesnounUS /ˈmedəsənz/

plural of “medicine” — the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading There is another thing very bad for you, and I fear you love it too much.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

obstructionsnounUS /əbˈstrʌkʃənz/

plural of “obstruction” — any structure that makes progress difficult

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

patientnounUS /ˈpeɪʃənt/

a person who requires medical care

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

physiciannounUS /fəˈzɪʃən/

a licensed medical practitioner

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

regimennounUS /ˈredʒəmən/

(medicine) a systematic plan for therapy (often including diet)

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

returnsnounUS /rɪˈtɜːrnz/

plural of “return” — document giving the tax collector information about the taxpayer's tax liability

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

RhubarbnounUS /ˈruːbɑːrb/

long pinkish sour leafstalks usually eaten cooked and sweetened

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

shortadjectiveUS /ʃɔːrt/

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

skillnounUS /skɪl/

an ability that has been acquired by training

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

soapnounUS /soʊp/

a cleansing agent made from the salts of vegetable or animal fats

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

specificsnounUS /spɪˈsɪfɪks/

plural of “specific” — a fact about some part (as opposed to general)

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

sweetadjectiveUS /swiːt/

having or denoting the characteristic taste of sugar

From this reading Acids are good for you, but you do not love them; and sweet things are bad for you, and you do love them.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Acids are good for you, but you do not love them; and sweet things are bad for you, and you do love them.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There is another thing very bad for you, and I fear you love it too much.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading There is another thing very bad for you, and I fear you love it too much.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading Acids are good for you, but you do not love them; and sweet things are bad for you, and you do love them.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading There is another thing very bad for you, and I fear you love it too much.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

wantverbUS /wɑːnt/

feel or have a desire for; want strongly

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

watersnounUS /ˈwɔːtərz/

United States actress and singer (1896-1977)

From this reading Rhubarb, soap, and chalybeate medicines and waters, are almost always specifics for obstructions of the liver; but then a very exact regimen is necessary, and that for a long continuance.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Acids are good for you, but you do not love them; and sweet things are bad for you, and you do love them.

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading MY DEAR FRIEND: I do not like these frequent, however short, returns of your illness; for I doubt they imply either want of skill in your physician, or want of care in his patient.

Chapter 31 of Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield holds 127 sentences, grouped into 26 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art contain?

Chapter 31 holds 127 sentences of Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art, unabridged, divided into 26 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 127 sentences, grouped into 26 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art?

Work through the 26 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 26 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #3361, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 600 minutes of reading across 2071 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art

Words and structures a reader meets early in Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

October
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Distresses
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Journey
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Heidelberg
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters to His Son, Complete On the Fine Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.