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Letters to Judd, an American Workingman
Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman is here in full — 58 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Letters to Judd, an American Workingman
Context Illustration Reading 1/11 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.
For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.
Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.
We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”
Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman is here in full — 58 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/11 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.
Line 2
For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.
Line 3
Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.
/ˈɔːlsoʊ wiː bɪˈliːv ðæt ɔːl men ʃʊd biː ˈiːkwəl bɪˈfɔːr ðə lɔː/
Line 4
We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”
Line 5
Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.
/ˈɔːlsoʊ ˈevəri mæn hæz ə raɪt tuː wʌt hiː hæz prəˈduːst baɪ hɪz oʊn ˈleɪbər ənd ɪt ɪz ðə ˈbɪznəs ʌv ˈɡʌvərmənt tuː prəˈtekt hɪm ɪn ðɪs raɪt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

abilities noun US /əˈbɪlətiːz/

plural of “ability” — the quality of being able to perform; a quality that permits or facilitates achievement or accomplishment

From this reading “We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.””

Americans noun US /əˈmerəkənz/

plural of “american” — a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.”

argue verb US /ˈɑːrɡjuː/

present reasons and arguments

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.”

granted adjective US /ˈɡræntəd/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.”

labor noun US /ˈleɪbər/

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading “Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.”

meddle verb US /ˈmedəl/

intrude in other people's affairs or business; interfere unwantedly

From this reading “For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.”

protect verb US /prəˈtekt/

shield from danger, injury, destruction, or damage

From this reading “Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.”

pursuit noun US /pərˈsuːt/

the act of pursuing in an effort to overtake or capture

From this reading “We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.””

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

meddle with verb + particle

In this reading “For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.”

foolish thing adjective + noun

In this reading “We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.””

For example preposition + noun

as an example

In this reading “For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.”

own way verb + noun

In this reading “For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.”

produced by verb + particle counted as “produce by”

In this reading “Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.”

argue about verb + particle

In this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.”

some things adjective + noun

In this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.”

All words in this reading · 79

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

abilitiesnounUS /əˈbɪlətiːz/

plural of “ability” — the quality of being able to perform; a quality that permits or facilitates achievement or accomplishment

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

AlsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

AmericansnounUS /əˈmerəkənz/

plural of “american” — a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

argueverbUS /ˈɑːrɡjuː/

present reasons and arguments

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

believeverbUS /bɪˈliːv/

accept as true; take to be true

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

businessnounUS /ˈbɪznəs/

a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

DEARadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

don't

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

equalverbUS /ˈiːkwəl/

be identical or equivalent to

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

examplenounUS /ɪɡˈzæmpəl/

an item of information that is typical of a class or group

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

foolishadjectiveUS /ˈfuːlɪʃ/

devoid of good sense or judgment

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

getverbUS /ɡet/

come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

goingnounUS /ˈɡoʊɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

governmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

grantedadjectiveUS /ˈɡræntəd/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

happinessnounUS /ˈhæpinəs/

state of well-being characterized by emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

heavennounUS /ˈhevən/

any place of complete bliss and delight and peace

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

JUDD

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

labornounUS /ˈleɪbər/

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

libertynounUS /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

meanverbUS /miːn/

mean or intend to express or convey

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

meddleverbUS /ˈmedəl/

intrude in other people's affairs or business; interfere unwantedly

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

one's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

producedverbUS /prəˈduːst/

past form of “produce” — bring forth or yield

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

protectverbUS /prəˈtekt/

shield from danger, injury, destruction, or damage

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

pursuitnounUS /pərˈsuːt/

the act of pursuing in an effort to overtake or capture

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

religionnounUS /rɪˈlɪdʒən/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

rightsnounUS /raɪts/

plural of “right” — an abstract idea of that which is due to a person or governmental body by law or tradition or nature

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Also, we believe that all men should be equal before the law.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Also, every man has a right to what he has produced by his own labor; and it is the business of government to protect him in this right.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading For example, every man has a right to get to heaven in his own way, if he can; we are not going to meddle with any one’s religion.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading We don’t mean they all have equal abilities--for that would be a foolish thing to say; but they all have equal rights “to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: There are some things which you and I and all Americans take for granted, and don’t have to argue about.

Chapter 2 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman by Upton Sinclair holds 58 sentences, grouped into 12 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman contain?

Chapter 2 holds 58 sentences of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, unabridged, divided into 12 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman by Upton Sinclair exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 58 sentences, grouped into 12 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman?

Work through the 12 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 12 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Common questions about reading Letters to Judd, an American Workingman by Upton Sinclair on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Letters to Judd, an American Workingman take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Words and structures a reader meets early in Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
One of the 0 chapters of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 3
One of the 0 chapters of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.