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Letters to Judd, an American Workingman
Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman is here in full — 52 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/10 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.
When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.
Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.
If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.
Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman is here in full — 52 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/10 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.
Line 2
When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.
/wen juː tɔːk əˈbaʊt ðə ˈmætər wɪð æn ɪˈkɑːnəmɪst hiː ˈjuːsəz ˈmeni lɔːŋ wɜːrdz ənd telz juː əˈbaʊt ˈnætʃərəl ˈprɑːsesəz kənˈtroʊld baɪ ˌɪˈneksərəbəl lɔːz/
Line 3
Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.
Line 4
If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.
/ɪf juː lʊk frʌm ðə ˈaʊtˈsaɪd juː siː ˌekəˈnɑːmɪk ˈprɑːsesəz bʌt ɪf juː lʊk frʌm ðə ˌɪnˈsaɪd juː siː ðə ˈækʃənz ʌv men/
Line 5
Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

controlled adjective US /kənˈtroʊld/

restrained or managed or kept within certain bounds

From this reading “When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.”

distributed adjective US /dɪˈstrɪbjətəd/

spread out or scattered about or divided up

From this reading “Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.”

economic adjective US /ˌekəˈnɑːmɪk/

of or relating to an economy, the system of production and management of material wealth

From this reading “If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.”

economist noun US /ɪˈkɑːnəmɪst/

an expert in the science of economics

From this reading “When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.”

inexorable adjective US /ˌɪˈneksərəbəl/

not to be placated or appeased or moved by entreaty

From this reading “When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.”

poorer adjective US /ˈpuːrər/

comparative of “poor” — deserving or inciting pity

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.”

processes noun US /ˈprɑːsesəz/

plural of “process” — a particular course of action intended to achieve a result

From this reading “When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.”

richer adjective US /ˈrɪtʃər/

comparative of “rich” — possessing material wealth

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

depends upon verb + particle counted as “depend upon”

be contingent on

In this reading “Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.”

talk about verb + particle

to consider or examine in speech or writing

In this reading “When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.”

look at verb + particle

take into consideration for exemplifying purposes

In this reading “Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.”

produced by verb + particle counted as “produce by”

In this reading “Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.”

about the matter preposition + article + noun counted as “about … matter”

In this reading “When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

actionsnounUS /ˈækʃənz/

plural of “action” — something done (usually as opposed to something said)

From this reading If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

controlledadjectiveUS /kənˈtroʊld/

restrained or managed or kept within certain bounds

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

DEARadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

dependsverbUS /dɪˈpendz/

third-person singular of “depend” — be contingent upon (something that is elided)

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

distributedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstrɪbjətəd/

spread out or scattered about or divided up

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

doesauxiliary verbUS /dʌz/

the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

economicadjectiveUS /ˌekəˈnɑːmɪk/

of or relating to an economy, the system of production and management of material wealth

From this reading If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.

economistnounUS /ɪˈkɑːnəmɪst/

an expert in the science of economics

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

growingnounUS /ˈɡroʊɪŋ/

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

happenverbUS /ˈhæpən/

come to pass

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

How

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

inexorableadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈneksərəbəl/

not to be placated or appeased or moved by entreaty

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

insideadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈsaɪd/

relating to or being on the side closer to the center or within a defined space

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

JUDD

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

lawsnounUS /lɔːz/

the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

libertynounUS /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

lookverbUS /lʊk/

perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

matternounUS /ˈmætər/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

naturaladjectiveUS /ˈnætʃərəl/

in accordance with nature; relating to or concerning nature

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

outsideadjectiveUS /ˈaʊtˈsaɪd/

relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

pooreradjectiveUS /ˈpuːrər/

comparative of “poor” — deserving or inciting pity

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

processesnounUS /ˈprɑːsesəz/

plural of “process” — a particular course of action intended to achieve a result

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

producedverbUS /prəˈduːst/

past form of “produce” — bring forth or yield

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

prosperitynounUS /prɑːˈsperəti/

an economic state of growth with rising profits and full employment

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

richadjectiveUS /rɪtʃ/

possessing material wealth

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

richeradjectiveUS /ˈrɪtʃər/

comparative of “rich” — possessing material wealth

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading If you look from the outside, you see economic processes; but if you look from the inside, you see the actions of men.

talkverbUS /tɔːk/

exchange thoughts; talk with

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

tellsnounUS /telz/

plural of “tell” — a Swiss patriot who lived in the early 14th century and who was renowned for his skill as an archer

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: How does it happen that, in this our land of liberty and prosperity, the rich are growing richer and the poor poorer.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

usesnounUS /ˈjuːsəz/

plural of “use” — the act of using

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

WealthnounUS /welθ/

the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money

From this reading Wealth is produced by the actions of men--you know that, because you do it every day; and wealth is distributed by the actions of men--you also do that every day.

WelladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading Well, Judd, it all depends upon how you look at it, from the inside or the outside.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading When you talk about the matter with an economist, he uses many long words, and tells you about natural processes, controlled by inexorable laws.

Chapter 4 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman by Upton Sinclair holds 52 sentences, grouped into 11 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman contain?

Chapter 4 holds 52 sentences of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, unabridged, divided into 11 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman by Upton Sinclair exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 52 sentences, grouped into 11 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman?

Work through the 11 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 11 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Common questions about reading Letters to Judd, an American Workingman by Upton Sinclair on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Words and structures a reader meets early in Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
One of the 0 chapters of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.