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Letters to Judd, an American Workingman
Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman is here in full — 65 sentences across 13 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Letters to Judd, an American Workingman
Context Illustration Reading 1/13 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.
There is another place where they struggle--in the labor market.
Let us see what happens to them there.
Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.
At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
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/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman is here in full — 65 sentences across 13 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/13 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.
Line 2
There is another place where they struggle--in the labor market.
Line 3
Let us see what happens to them there.
/let ʌs siː wʌt ˈhæpənz tuː ðem ðer/
Line 4
Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.
/ˈsiːɪŋ ðə emˈplɔɪərz kəmˈbaɪnɪŋ ˈɪntuː ˈlɑːrdʒər ənd ˈlɑːrdʒər ˌɔːrɡənəˈzeɪʃənz ɪt ˈnætʃərəli əˈkɜːrd tuː ðə ˈwɜːrkərz tuː ˈkɑːmbaɪn ənd sel ðer ˈleɪbər æz ə ˈjuːnət/
Line 5
At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.
/æt fɜːrst ðə emˈplɔɪərz meɪd ðɪs ˈækʃən ə kraɪm ənd ə ɡreɪt ˈmeni ˈwɜːrkɪŋ men went tuː dʒeɪl bɪˈfɔːr ðə raɪt ʌv ˈleɪbər ˌkɑːmbəˈneɪʃən wɑːz ˈɡræntəd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

combination noun US /ˌkɑːmbəˈneɪʃən/

a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities

From this reading “At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.”

combine verb US /ˈkɑːmbaɪn/

have or possess in combination

From this reading “Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.”

combining noun US /kəmˈbaɪnɪŋ/

an occurrence that results in things being united

From this reading “Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.”

employers noun US /emˈplɔɪərz/

plural of “employer” — a person or firm that employs workers

From this reading “Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.”

jail noun US /dʒeɪl/

a correctional institution used to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the government (either accused persons awaiting trial or convicted persons serving a sentence)

From this reading “At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.”

organizations noun US /ˌɔːrɡənəˈzeɪʃənz/

plural of “organization” — a group of people who work together

From this reading “Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.”

unit noun US /ˈjuːnət/

any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange

From this reading “Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.”

workers noun US /ˈwɜːrkərz/

plural of “worker” — a person who works at a specific occupation

From this reading “Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

great success adjective + noun

In this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.”

in the field preposition + article + noun counted as “in … field”

In this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

actionnounUS /ˈækʃən/

something done (usually as opposed to something said)

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading There is another place where they struggle--in the labor market.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

combinationnounUS /ˌkɑːmbəˈneɪʃən/

a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

combineverbUS /ˈkɑːmbaɪn/

have or possess in combination

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

combiningnounUS /kəmˈbaɪnɪŋ/

an occurrence that results in things being united

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

crimenounUS /kraɪm/

(criminal law) an act punishable by law; usually considered an evil act

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

DEARadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

employersnounUS /emˈplɔɪərz/

plural of “employer” — a person or firm that employs workers

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

fieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

grantedadjectiveUS /ˈɡræntəd/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

happensverbUS /ˈhæpənz/

third-person singular of “happen” — come to pass

From this reading Let us see what happens to them there.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading There is another place where they struggle--in the labor market.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

jailnounUS /dʒeɪl/

a correctional institution used to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the government (either accused persons awaiting trial or convicted persons serving a sentence)

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

JUDD

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

labornounUS /ˈleɪbər/

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading There is another place where they struggle--in the labor market.

largeradjectiveUS /ˈlɑːrdʒər/

large or big relative to something else

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

Letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading Let us see what happens to them there.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

marketnounUS /ˈmɑːrkət/

the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold

From this reading There is another place where they struggle--in the labor market.

meetingnounUS /ˈmiːtɪŋ/

a formally arranged gathering

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

naturallyadverbUS /ˈnætʃərəli/

as might be expected

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

occurredverbUS /əˈkɜːrd/

inflected form of “occur” — come to pass

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

organizationsnounUS /ˌɔːrɡənəˈzeɪʃənz/

plural of “organization” — a group of people who work together

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading There is another place where they struggle--in the labor market.

politicsnounUS /ˈpɑːlətɪks/

social relations involving intrigue to gain authority or power

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

protectverbUS /prəˈtekt/

shield from danger, injury, destruction, or damage

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

richadjectiveUS /rɪtʃ/

possessing material wealth

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Let us see what happens to them there.

SeeingnounUS /ˈsiːɪŋ/

perception by means of the eyes

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

sellverbUS /sel/

exchange or deliver for money or its equivalent

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

struggleverbUS /ˈstrʌɡəl/

make a strenuous or labored effort

From this reading There is another place where they struggle--in the labor market.

strugglingadjectiveUS /ˈstrʌɡəlɪŋ/

engaged in a struggle to overcome especially poverty or obscurity

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

successnounUS /səkˈses/

an event that accomplishes its intended purpose

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Let us see what happens to them there.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There is another place where they struggle--in the labor market.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading There is another place where they struggle--in the labor market.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

unitnounUS /ˈjuːnət/

any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Let us see what happens to them there.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Let us see what happens to them there.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading There is another place where they struggle--in the labor market.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: We have seen the poor struggling to protect themselves against the rich in the field of politics, and meeting with no great success.

workersnounUS /ˈwɜːrkərz/

plural of “worker” — a person who works at a specific occupation

From this reading Seeing the employers combining into larger and larger organizations, it naturally occurred to the workers to combine, and sell their labor as a unit.

workingadjectiveUS /ˈwɜːrkɪŋ/

actively engaged in paid work

From this reading At first the employers made this action a crime, and a great many working men went to jail, before the right of labor combination was granted.

Chapter 11 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman by Upton Sinclair holds 65 sentences, grouped into 13 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 11 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman contain?

Chapter 11 holds 65 sentences of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, unabridged, divided into 13 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 11 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman by Upton Sinclair exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 65 sentences, grouped into 13 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 11 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman?

Work through the 13 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 13 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 11 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 11 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

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Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Words and structures a reader meets early in Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
One of the 0 chapters of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.