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Letters to Judd, an American Workingman
Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter XIV

Chapter 14 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman is here in full — 52 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/10 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.
The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.
If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.
What difference will that make in the industrial system?
At first you might see no difference at all.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Chapter XIV

Chapter 14 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman is here in full — 52 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/10 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.
Line 2
The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.
/ðə ˈkæpətəlɪst prəˈduːsəz ðə ɡʊdz wiː niːd ənd ɪn ˈɔːrdər tuː ɡet ðem wiː peɪ hɪm ˈevriθɪŋ əˈbʌv ðə ber miːnz ʌv ˈkiːpɪŋ ʌs əˈlaɪv ənd eˈneɪbəlɪŋ ʌs tuː reɪz ðə nekst ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən/
Line 3
If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.
/ɪf ðɪs ˈsɪstəm ʃʊd breɪk daʊn ɪt ɪz ˈɑːbviəs ðæt wiː mʌst tʃeɪndʒ tuː sʌm fɔːrm ʌv ˈsoʊʃəl ˈoʊnərʃɪp ʌv ðə miːnz ʌv prəˈdʌkʃən ˌɪnˈsted ʌv ˈhævɪŋ ðə ˈkæpətəlɪst prəˈduːs fɔːr ʌs wiː mʌst duː ɪt fɔːr aʊərˈselvz ənd ðə ˈmoʊtɪv ˈpaʊər wɪl biː nɑːt ðə dɪˈzaɪər ʌv ðə ˈkæpətəlɪst fɔːr ˈprɑːfət bʌt ˈaʊər oʊn dɪˈzaɪər fɔːr ðə ɡʊdz/
Line 4
What difference will that make in the industrial system?
/wʌt ˈdɪfərəns wɪl ðæt meɪk ɪn ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˈsɪstəm/
Line 5
At first you might see no difference at all.
/æt fɜːrst juː maɪt siː noʊ ˈdɪfərəns æt ɔːl/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

capitalist noun US /ˈkæpətəlɪst/

a conservative advocate of capitalism

From this reading “The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.”

enabling adjective US /eˈneɪbəlɪŋ/

providing legal power or sanction

From this reading “The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.”

essence noun US /ˈesəns/

the choicest or most essential or most vital part of some idea or experience

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.”

industrial adjective US /ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl/

of or relating to or resulting from industry

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.”

industry noun US /ˈɪndəstri/

the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.”

ownership noun US /ˈoʊnərʃɪp/

the relation of an owner to the thing possessed; possession with the right to transfer possession to others

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.”

produces noun US /prəˈduːsəz/

plural of “produce” — fresh fruits and vegetable grown for the market

From this reading “The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.”

production noun US /prəˈdʌkʃən/

the act or process of producing something

From this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

motive power noun + noun

the power or ability to move

In this reading “MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.”

next generation adjective + noun

In this reading “The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.”

break down verb + adjective

make ineffective

In this reading “If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.”

in order preposition + noun

in a state of proper readiness or preparation or arrangement

In this reading “The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.”

All words in this reading · 79

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

aliveadjectiveUS /əˈlaɪv/

possessing life

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading At first you might see no difference at all.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At first you might see no difference at all.

bareadjectiveUS /ber/

completely unclothed

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

breakverbUS /breɪk/

terminate

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

capitalistnounUS /ˈkæpətəlɪst/

a conservative advocate of capitalism

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

changeverbUS /tʃeɪndʒ/

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

DEARadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

desirenounUS /dɪˈzaɪər/

the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

differencenounUS /ˈdɪfərəns/

the quality of being unlike or dissimilar

From this reading What difference will that make in the industrial system?

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

enablingadjectiveUS /eˈneɪbəlɪŋ/

providing legal power or sanction

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

essencenounUS /ˈesəns/

the choicest or most essential or most vital part of some idea or experience

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading At first you might see no difference at all.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

generationnounUS /ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən/

all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

getverbUS /ɡet/

come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

goodsnounUS /ɡʊdz/

plural of “good” — benefit

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

industrialadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl/

of or relating to or resulting from industry

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

industrynounUS /ˈɪndəstri/

the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

insteadadverbUS /ˌɪnˈsted/

in place of, or as an alternative to

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

JUDD

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

keepingnounUS /ˈkiːpɪŋ/

conformity or harmony

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading What difference will that make in the industrial system?

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading At first you might see no difference at all.

motivenounUS /ˈmoʊtɪv/

the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

neednounUS /niːd/

a condition requiring relief

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

nextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading At first you might see no difference at all.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

obviousadjectiveUS /ˈɑːbviəs/

easily perceived by the senses or grasped by the mind

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

ourselvespronounUS /aʊərˈselvz/

used when we are both doing the action and receiving it

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

ownernounUS /ˈoʊnər/

(law) someone who owns (is legal possessor of) a business

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

ownershipnounUS /ˈoʊnərʃɪp/

the relation of an owner to the thing possessed; possession with the right to transfer possession to others

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

payverbUS /peɪ/

give money, usually in exchange for goods or services

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

privateadjectiveUS /ˈpraɪvət/

confined to particular persons or groups or providing privacy

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

produceverbUS /prəˈduːs/

bring forth or yield

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

producesnounUS /prəˈduːsəz/

plural of “produce” — fresh fruits and vegetable grown for the market

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

productionnounUS /prəˈdʌkʃən/

the act or process of producing something

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

profitnounUS /ˈprɑːfət/

the excess of revenues over outlays in a given period of time (including depreciation and other non-cash expenses)

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

raiseverbUS /reɪz/

raise the level or amount of something

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading At first you might see no difference at all.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

socialadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊʃəl/

relating to human society and its members

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

systemnounUS /ˈsɪstəm/

instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading The capitalist produces the goods we need, and in order to get them we pay him everything above the bare means of keeping us alive and enabling us to raise the next generation.

WhatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading What difference will that make in the industrial system?

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading If this system should break down, it is obvious that we must change to some form of social ownership of the means of production; instead of having the capitalist produce for us, we must do it for ourselves, and the motive power will be, not the desire of the capitalist for profit, but our own desire for the goods.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: The essence of our industrial system is the private ownership of the means of production; with profit for the private owner as the motive power of industry.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading At first you might see no difference at all.

Chapter 14 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman by Upton Sinclair holds 52 sentences, grouped into 11 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 14 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman contain?

Chapter 14 holds 52 sentences of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, unabridged, divided into 11 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 14 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman by Upton Sinclair exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 52 sentences, grouped into 11 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 14 of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman?

Work through the 11 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 11 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 14 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 14 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Common questions about reading Letters to Judd, an American Workingman by Upton Sinclair on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Letters to Judd, an American Workingman take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Letters to Judd, an American Workingman section by section

How to work through Letters to Judd, an American Workingman section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 0 chapters of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Letters to Judd, an American Workingman

Words and structures a reader meets early in Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
One of the 0 chapters of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 3
One of the 0 chapters of Letters to Judd, an American Workingman, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.