used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
absorbedadjectiveUS /əbˈzɔːrbd/
giving or marked by complete attention to
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
touching and pressing; in opposition to
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
equally
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/
surrounded by; in the middle of a group
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
ancestorsnounUS /ˈænsestərz/
plural of “ancestor” — someone from whom you are descended (but usually more remote than a grandparent)
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
one more of the same kind, or a different one
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
inflected form of “arise” — come into existence; take on form or shape
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
in or near a particular place or position
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
showing who or what does the action
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
citizensnounUS /ˈsɪtəzənz/
plural of “citizen” — a native or naturalized member of a state or other political community
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
a collection of things sharing a common attribute
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
classesnounUS /ˈklæsəz/
plural of “class” — a collection of things sharing a common attribute
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
complexnounUS /ˈkɑːmpleks/
a conceptual whole made up of complicated and related parts
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
dearly loved
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
developmentnounUS /dɪˈveləpmənt/
act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
differencesnounUS /ˈdɪfərənsɪz/
plural of “difference” — the quality of being unlike or dissimilar
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
showing the wearing effects of overwork or care or suffering
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
dukedoms
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
empiresnounUS /ˈempaɪərz/
plural of “empire” — the domain ruled by an emperor or empress; the region over which imperial dominion is exercised
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
be identical or equivalent to
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
evolutionnounUS /ˌevəˈluːʃən/
a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
federationnounUS /ˌfedərˈeɪʃən/
an organization formed by merging several groups or parties
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
footingnounUS /ˈfʊtɪŋ/
status with respect to the relations between people or groups
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
inflected form of “fight” — be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
the act of departing
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
greater in size or importance or degree
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
inflected form of “grow” — pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/
the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
the aggregate of past events
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/
characteristic of humanity
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
inside something, or within a place, period, or state
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
arousing or holding the attention
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
JUDD
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
kingdomsnounUS /ˈkɪŋdəmz/
plural of “kingdom” — a domain in which something is dominant
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
immediately past
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
plural of “line” — a formation of people or things one beside another
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
plural of “member” — one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization)
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
the force of workers available
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
to a great degree or extent
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
belonging to the person speaking
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
touching and supported by a surface
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
used to mean any person in general, including the speaker
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
belonging to the speaker and others
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
ownedadjectiveUS /oʊnd/
having an owner; often used in combination
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
an amount of time
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
planenounUS /pleɪn/
an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
principalitiesnounUS /ˌprɪnsɪˈpælɪtiz/
plural of “principality” — territory ruled by a prince
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
processverbUS /ˈprɑːses/
subject to a process or treatment, with the aim of readying for some purpose, improving, or remedying a condition
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
any competition
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
rangedverbUS /reɪndʒd/
past form of “range” — change or be different within limits
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
republicnounUS /riˈpʌblək/
a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
republicsnounUS /riˈpʌblɪks/
plural of “republic” — a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
revoltedverbUS /rɪˈvoʊltɪd/
past form of “revolt” — make revolution
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
plural of “right” — an abstract idea of that which is due to a person or governmental body by law or tradition or nature
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
rigidlyadverbUS /ˈrɪdʒɪdli/
in a rigid manner
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
rulersnounUS /ˈruːlərz/
plural of “ruler” — a person who rules or commands
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
have in common
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
having a supporting base
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
not in physical motion
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
Maintained an upright posture.
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
a detailed critical inspection
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
plural of “subject” — the subject matter of a conversation or discussion
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
of the kind already mentioned
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
a special situation
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
from one end or side of something to the other
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive
From this reading MY DEAR JUDD: It is an interesting thing to study the development of human society through a long period of history.
tribesnounUS /traɪbz/
plural of “tribe” — a social division of (usually preliterate) people
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
precisely as stated
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/
the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading It was against such a form of society that our ancestors revolted; they had a new theory of government, and established a new form--a republic, owned and run by its citizens, all standing on an equal plane.
the speaker together with one or more other people
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/
the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned
From this reading Men began in small tribes, in which they were very much alike, and stood on an equal footing.
used to talk about the future, or about willingness
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
in the company of; together with
From this reading These tribes fought, and absorbed one another, and grew more complex, with greater differences among the members; dukedoms and principalities arose, and then kingdoms, and at last great empires, with rulers and subjects ranged in classes, and the class lines rigidly drawn.
everything that exists anywhere
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
world-wideadjective
involving the entire earth; not limited or provincial in scope
From this reading The process of evolution in the political world is still going on, and some day we shall see a world-wide federation of republics, in which the human race will share equal rights.
