Learn English through classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Life and Travels of Mungo Park
Life and Travels of Mungo Park

Chapter XXVII · Chapter 27

Chapter 27 of Life and Travels of Mungo Park is here in full — 213 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Life and Travels of Mungo Park
Context Illustration Reading 1/42 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
_Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.
&c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.
The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.
In time of peace, the employment of the people is pasturage.
The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Life and Travels of Mungo Park

Chapter XXVII · Chapter 27

Chapter 27 of Life and Travels of Mungo Park is here in full — 213 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/42 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
_Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.
Line 2
&c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.
Line 3
The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.
Line 4
In time of peace, the employment of the people is pasturage.
Line 5
The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.
/ðə mʊrz ˌɪnˈdiːd səbˈsɪst ˈtʃiːfli ɑːn ðə fleʃ ʌv ðer ˈkætəl ənd ɑːr ˈɔːlweɪz ɪn ðə ekˈstriːm ʌv ˈiːðər ˈɡlʌtəni ɔːr ˈæbstənəns/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

abstinence noun US /ˈæbstənəns/

the trait of abstaining (especially from alcohol)

From this reading “The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.”

acknowledging verb US /ækˈnɑːlɪdʒɪŋ/

-ing form of “acknowledge” — declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of

From this reading “The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.”

gluttony noun US /ˈɡlʌtəni/

habitual eating to excess

From this reading “The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.”

horde noun US /hɔːrd/

a vast multitude

From this reading “The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.”

inhabit verb US /ˌɪnˈhæbət/

be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading “&c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.”

jurisdiction noun US /ˌdʒʊrəsˈdɪkʃən/

(law) the right and power to interpret and apply the law

From this reading “The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.”

Senegal noun US /ˌsenəˈɡɔːl/

a republic in northwestern Africa on the coast of the Atlantic; formerly a French colony but achieved independence in 1960

From this reading “&c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.”

subsist verb US /səbˈsɪst/

support oneself

From this reading “The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.”

All words in this reading · 100

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

absoluteadjectiveUS /ˈæbsəluːt/

perfect or complete or pure

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

abstinencenounUS /ˈæbstənəns/

the trait of abstaining (especially from alcohol)

From this reading The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.

accordingadjectiveUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋ/

(followed by “to”) in agreement with or accordant with

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

acknowledgingverbUS /ækˈnɑːlɪdʒɪŋ/

-ing form of “acknowledge” — declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

AfricanounUS /ˈæfrəkɑː/

the second largest continent; located to the south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian Ocean

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

allegiancenounUS /əˈliːdʒəns/

the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

animalsnounUS /ˈænəməlz/

plural of “animal” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

banknounUS /bæŋk/

sloping land (especially the slope beside a body of water)

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

Braken

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

cnounUS /siː/

a degree on the centigrade scale of temperature

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

cattlenounUS /ˈkætəl/

domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age

From this reading The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

chiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

chieflyadverbUS /ˈtʃiːfli/

for the most part

From this reading The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

concerningverbUS /kənˈsɜːrnɪŋ/

-ing form of “concern” — be relevant to

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

ContainingverbUS /kənˈteɪnɪŋ/

-ing form of “contain” — include or contain; have as a component

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

DesertverbUS /ˈdezərt/

leave someone who needs or counts on you; leave in the lurch

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

dividedadjectiveUS /dɪˈvaɪdɪd/

separated into parts or pieces

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

domesticadjectiveUS /dəˈmestɪk/

of concern to or concerning the internal affairs of a nation

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.

employmentnounUS /emˈplɔɪmənt/

the state of being employed or having a job

From this reading In time of peace, the employment of the people is pasturage.

exercisesnounUS /ˈeksərsaɪzəz/

plural of “exercise” — the activity of exerting your muscles in various ways to keep fit

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

extremeadjectiveUS /ekˈstriːm/

of the greatest possible degree or extent or intensity

From this reading The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.

fleshnounUS /fleʃ/

the soft tissue of the body of a vertebrate: mainly muscle tissue and fat

From this reading The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.

formeradjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmər/

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

formidableadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmədəbəl/

extremely impressive in strength or excellence

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

furtheradverbUS /ˈfɜːrðər/

to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (“further” is used more often than “farther” in this abstract sense)

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

Gedumah

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

gluttonynounUS /ˈɡlʌtəni/

habitual eating to excess

From this reading The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.

governednounUS /ˈɡʌvərnd/

the body of people who are citizens of a particular government

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

GreatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

hordenounUS /hɔːrd/

a vast multitude

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

IlnounUS /ɪl/

a midwestern state in north-central United States

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In time of peace, the employment of the people is pasturage.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.

inhabitverbUS /ˌɪnˈhæbət/

be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In time of peace, the employment of the people is pasturage.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

Jafnoo

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

jurisdictionnounUS /ˌdʒʊrəsˈdɪkʃən/

(law) the right and power to interpret and apply the law

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

kingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

Ludamar

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

mannersnounUS /ˈmænərz/

social deportment

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

miscellaneousadjectiveUS /ˌmɪsəˈleɪniəs/

consisting of a haphazard assortment of different kinds

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

MoorishnounUS /ˈmʊrɪʃ/

a style of architecture common in Spain from the 13th to 16th centuries; characterized by horseshoe-shaped arches

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

MoorsnounUS /mʊrz/

plural of “moor” — one of the Muslim people of north Africa; of mixed Arab and Berber descent; converted to Islam in the 8th century; conqueror of Spain in the 8th century

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

neverthelessadverbUS /ˌnevərðəˈles/

in spite of what has just been said

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

northernadjectiveUS /ˈnɔːrðərn/

in or characteristic of a region of the United States north of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

numerousadjectiveUS /ˈnuːmərəs/

amounting to a large indefinite number

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

ObservationsnounUS /ˌɑːbzərˈveɪʃənz/

plural of “observation” — the act of making and recording a measurement

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

pasturagenoun

succulent herbaceous vegetation of pasture land

From this reading In time of peace, the employment of the people is pasturage.

peacenounUS /piːs/

the state prevailing during the absence of war

From this reading In time of peace, the employment of the people is pasturage.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading In time of peace, the employment of the people is pasturage.

powerfuladjectiveUS /ˈpaʊərfəl/

having great power or force or potency or effect

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

reflectionsnounUS /rɪˈflekʃənz/

plural of “reflection” — a calm, lengthy, intent consideration

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

reportedadjectiveUS /ˌriːˈpɔːrtɪd/

made known or told about; especially presented in a formal account

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

rivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

SenegalnounUS /ˌsenəˈɡɔːl/

a republic in northwestern Africa on the coast of the Atlantic; formerly a French colony but achieved independence in 1960

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

separateverbUS /ˈsepəreɪt/

act as a barrier between; stand between

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

sovereignadjectiveUS /ˈsɑːv.rən/

Possessing supreme or ultimate power; autonomous and commanding.

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

subsistverbUS /səbˈsɪst/

support oneself

From this reading The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The Moors, indeed, subsist chiefly on the flesh of their cattle; and are always in the extreme of either gluttony or abstinence.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading In time of peace, the employment of the people is pasturage.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

Trasart

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

tribesnounUS /traɪbz/

plural of “tribe” — a social division of (usually preliterate) people

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

warlikeadjectiveUS /ˈwɔːrlaɪk/

disposed to warfare or hard-line policies

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading &c._ The Moors of this part of Africa are divided into many separate tribes; of which the most formidable, according to what was reported to me, are those of Trasart and Il Braken, which inhabit the northern bank of the Senegal river.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

wildadjectiveUS /waɪld/

marked by extreme lack of restraint or control

From this reading _Containing some further miscellaneous reflections on the Moorish character and manners.--Observations concerning the Great Desert, its animals, wild and domestic, &c.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading The tribes of Gedumah, Jafnoo, and Ludamar, though not so numerous as the former, are nevertheless very powerful and warlike; and are each governed by a chief or king, who exercises absolute jurisdiction over his own horde, without acknowledging allegiance to a common sovereign.

Chapter 27 of Life and Travels of Mungo Park by Mungo Park holds 213 sentences, grouped into 43 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 27 of Life and Travels of Mungo Park contain?

Chapter 27 holds 213 sentences of Life and Travels of Mungo Park, unabridged, divided into 43 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 27 of Life and Travels of Mungo Park by Mungo Park exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 213 sentences, grouped into 43 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 27 of Life and Travels of Mungo Park?

Work through the 43 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 43 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 27 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 27 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Life and Travels of Mungo Park

Common questions about reading Life and Travels of Mungo Park by Mungo Park on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Life and Travels of Mungo Park?

Yes. All 5016 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #8564 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Life and Travels of Mungo Park is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #8564, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Life and Travels of Mungo Park take to read?

About 418 minutes of reading across 1004 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Life and Travels of Mungo Park section by section

How to work through Life and Travels of Mungo Park section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Life and Travels of Mungo Park to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Life and Travels of Mungo Park

Words and structures a reader meets early in Life and Travels of Mungo Park, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Park's
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life and Travels of Mungo Park; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Motives
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life and Travels of Mungo Park; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Undertaking
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life and Travels of Mungo Park; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Voyage--his
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life and Travels of Mungo Park; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.