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Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776
Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776

Chapter XXXII · Chapter 32

Chapter 32 of Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776 is here in full — 403 sentences across 81 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/80 · 5 lines
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[1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'
Johnson's _Works_ (1787), xi.
200.
[1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'
Johnson's _Works_, ix.
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Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776

Chapter XXXII · Chapter 32

Chapter 32 of Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776 is here in full — 403 sentences across 81 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/80 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
[1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'
Line 2
Johnson's _Works_ (1787), xi.
Line 3
200.
Line 4
[1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'
Line 5
Johnson's _Works_, ix.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

besieged adjective US /bɪˈsiːdʒd/

surrounded by hostile forces

From this reading “[1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'”

diffused adjective US /dɪˈfjuːzd/

(of light rays) subjected to scattering by reflection from a rough surface or transmission through a translucent material

From this reading “[1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'”

erudition noun US /ˌerəˈdɪʃən/

profound scholarly knowledge

From this reading “[1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'”

inadequate adjective US /ˌɪˈnædəkwət/

lacking the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task

From this reading “[1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'”

Johnson's noun US /ˈdʒɑːnsənz/

possessive form of “johnson” — English writer and lexicographer (1709-1784)

From this reading “Johnson's _Works_ (1787), xi.”

mediocrity noun US /ˌmiːdiˈɑːkrəti/

ordinariness as a consequence of being average and not outstanding

From this reading “[1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'”

ornamental noun US /ˌɔːrnəˈmentəl/

any plant grown for its beauty or ornamental value

From this reading “[1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'”

Universities noun US /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsətiz/

plural of “university” — the body of faculty and students at a university

From this reading “[1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'”

All words in this reading · 61

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1087

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

1088

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

1787

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Johnson's _Works_ (1787), xi.

200

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 200.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

believeverbUS /bɪˈliːv/

accept as true; take to be true

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

bellyfulnoun

an undesirable overabundance

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

besiegedadjectiveUS /bɪˈsiːdʒd/

surrounded by hostile forces

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

bredverbUS /bred/

inflected form of “breed” — call forth

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

cannot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

decoratedadjectiveUS /ˈdekəreɪtɪd/

provided with something intended to increase its beauty or distinction

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

diffusedadjectiveUS /dɪˈfjuːzd/

(of light rays) subjected to scattering by reflection from a rough surface or transmission through a translucent material

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

eruditionnounUS /ˌerəˈdɪʃən/

profound scholarly knowledge

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

expectedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈspektəd/

considered likely or probable to happen or arrive

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

ignorancenounUS /ˈɪɡnərəns/

the lack of knowledge or education

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

inadequateadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈnædəkwət/

lacking the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

ixnoun

the cardinal number that is the sum of eight and one

From this reading Johnson's _Works_, ix.

Johnson'snounUS /ˈdʒɑːnsənz/

possessive form of “johnson” — English writer and lexicographer (1709-1784)

From this reading Johnson's _Works_ (1787), xi.

knowledgenounUS /ˈnɑːlədʒ/

the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

learningnounUS /ˈlɜːrnɪŋ/

the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

mediocritynounUS /ˌmiːdiˈɑːkrəti/

ordinariness as a consequence of being average and not outstanding

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

MennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

mouthfulnounUS /ˈmaʊθfʊl/

the quantity that can be held in the mouth

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

obtainverbUS /əbˈteɪn/

come into possession of

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

ornamentalnounUS /ˌɔːrnəˈmentəl/

any plant grown for its beauty or ornamental value

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

provisionsnounUS /prəˈvɪʒənz/

a stock or supply of foods

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

purposesnounUS /ˈpɜːrpəsəz/

plural of “purpose” — an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

ScotlandnounUS /ˈskɑːtlənd/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain; famous for bagpipes and plaids and kilts

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

splendours

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

townnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

UniversitiesnounUS /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsətiz/

plural of “university” — the body of faculty and students at a university

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

widelyadverbUS /ˈwaɪdli/

to a great degree

From this reading [1088] 'Men bred in the Universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge between learning and ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is, I believe, very widely diffused among them.'

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading [1087] 'It is with their learning as with provisions in a besieged town, every one has a mouthful, and no one a bellyful.'

WorksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading Johnson's _Works_ (1787), xi.

xinounUS /ʃiː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of ten and one

From this reading Johnson's _Works_ (1787), xi.

Chapter 32 of Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776 by James Boswell holds 403 sentences, grouped into 81 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 32 of Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776 contain?

Chapter 32 holds 403 sentences of Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776, unabridged, divided into 81 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 32 of Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776 by James Boswell exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 403 sentences, grouped into 81 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 32 of Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776?

Work through the 81 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 81 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 32 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 32 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776 by James Boswell on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #9072, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776

Words and structures a reader meets early in Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

George
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Birkbeck
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Contents
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Samuel
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life of Johnson, Volume 2 1765-1776; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.