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Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784
Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784

Chapter XXI · Chapter 21

Chapter 21 of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784 is here in full — 383 sentences across 77 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/76 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
[522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'
_Ante_, i.
294.
Stockdale records (_Memoirs_, ii.
191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784

Chapter XXI · Chapter 21

Chapter 21 of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784 is here in full — 383 sentences across 77 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/76 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
[522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'
Line 2
_Ante_, i.
/ˈænti aɪ/
Line 3
294.
Line 4
Stockdale records (_Memoirs_, ii.
Line 5
191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Ante noun US /ˈænti/

(poker) the initial contribution that each player makes to the pot

definition noun US /ˌdefəˈnɪʃən/

a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol

From this reading “191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'”

Memoirs noun US /ˈmemwɑːrz/

plural of “memoir” — an account of the author's personal experiences

oats noun US /oʊts/

plural of “oat” — annual grass of Europe and North Africa; grains used as food and fodder (referred to primarily in the plural: “oats”)

From this reading “191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'”

quoting verb US /ˈkwoʊtɪŋ/

-ing form of “quote” — repeat a passage from

From this reading “191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'”

records noun US /rəˈkɔːrdz/

plural of “record” — anything (such as a document or a phonograph record or a photograph) providing permanent evidence of or information about past events

From this reading “Stockdale records (_Memoirs_, ii.”

Scotch noun US /skɑːtʃ/

a slight surface cut (especially a notch that is made to keep a tally)

From this reading “191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'”

supports noun US /səˈpɔːrts/

plural of “support” — the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities

From this reading “[522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'”

All words in this reading · 46

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

191

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

294

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 294.

522

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

AntenounUS /ˈænti/

(poker) the initial contribution that each player makes to the pot

From this reading _Ante_, i.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

assureverbUS /əˈʃʊr/

make certain of

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

definitionnounUS /ˌdefəˈnɪʃən/

a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

grainnounUS /ɡreɪn/

a relatively small granular particle of a substance

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

heardadjectiveUS /hɜːrd/

detected or perceived by the sense of hearing

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

horsesnounUS /ˈhɔːrsəz/

plural of “horse” — solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

ipronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading _Ante_, i.

iinoun

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Stockdale records (_Memoirs_, ii.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

JohnsonnounUS /ˈdʒɑːnsən/

English writer and lexicographer (1709-1784)

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

ladynounUS /ˈleɪdi/

a polite name for any woman

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

MemoirsnounUS /ˈmemwɑːrz/

plural of “memoir” — an account of the author's personal experiences

From this reading Stockdale records (_Memoirs_, ii.

oatsnounUS /oʊts/

plural of “oat” — annual grass of Europe and North Africa; grains used as food and fodder (referred to primarily in the plural: “oats”)

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

quotingverbUS /ˈkwoʊtɪŋ/

-ing form of “quote” — repeat a passage from

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

recordsnounUS /rəˈkɔːrdz/

plural of “record” — anything (such as a document or a phonograph record or a photograph) providing permanent evidence of or information about past events

From this reading Stockdale records (_Memoirs_, ii.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

ScotchnounUS /skɑːtʃ/

a slight surface cut (especially a notch that is made to keep a tally)

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

ScotlandnounUS /ˈskɑːtlənd/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain; famous for bagpipes and plaids and kilts

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

Stockdale

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Stockdale records (_Memoirs_, ii.

supportsnounUS /səˈpɔːrts/

plural of “support” — the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading [522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.'

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

yourspronounUS /jʊrz/

the one or ones belonging to the person spoken to

From this reading 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.'

Chapter 21 of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784 by James Boswell holds 383 sentences, grouped into 77 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 21 of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784 contain?

Chapter 21 holds 383 sentences of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784, unabridged, divided into 77 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 21 of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784 by James Boswell exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 383 sentences, grouped into 77 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 21 of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784?

Work through the 77 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 77 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 21 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 21 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784

Common questions about reading Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784 by James Boswell on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784?

Yes. All 12331 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #10357 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #10357, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 600 minutes of reading across 2467 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784

Words and structures a reader meets early in Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

George
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Birkbeck
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Contents
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Altercation
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.