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Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784
Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784 is here in full — 396 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/79 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.
35.
[1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).
He was in Parliament, but he had never spoken.
His _Diary_ shews that he had no 'important occupations.'
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784 is here in full — 396 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/79 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.
Line 2
35.
Line 3
[1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).
Line 4
He was in Parliament, but he had never spoken.
/hiː wɑːz ɪn ˈpɑːrləmənt bʌt hiː hæd ˈnevər ˈspoʊkən/
Line 5
His _Diary_ shews that he had no 'important occupations.'

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

ante noun US /ˈænti/

(poker) the initial contribution that each player makes to the pot

Cynthia noun US /ˈsɪnθiə/

(Greek mythology) the virgin goddess of the hunt and the Moon; daughter of Leto and twin sister of Apollo; identified with Roman Diana

From this reading “Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.”

Diary noun US /ˈdaɪəri/

a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations

fainting verb US /ˈfeɪntɪŋ/

-ing form of “faint” — pass out from weakness, physical or emotional distress due to a loss of blood supply to the brain

From this reading “Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.”

Johnson's noun US /ˈdʒɑːnsənz/

possessive form of “johnson” — English writer and lexicographer (1709-1784)

From this reading “Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.”

occupations noun US /ˌɑːkjəˈpeɪʃənz/

plural of “occupation” — the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money

From this reading “His _Diary_ shews that he had no 'important occupations.'”

statesman noun US /ˈsteɪtsmən/

a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs

From this reading “[1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).”

weakly adverb US /ˈwiːkli/

in a weak or feeble manner or to a minor degree

From this reading “Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.”

All words in this reading · 53

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1238

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

200

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

35

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 35.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

antenounUS /ˈænti/

(poker) the initial contribution that each player makes to the pot

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

BeforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading He was in Parliament, but he had never spoken.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

ChiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

closingnounUS /ˈkloʊzɪŋ/

the act of closing something

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

CynthianounUS /ˈsɪnθiə/

(Greek mythology) the virgin goddess of the hunt and the Moon; daughter of Leto and twin sister of Apollo; identified with Roman Diana

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

dearadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

DiarynounUS /ˈdaɪəri/

a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations

From this reading His _Diary_ shews that he had no 'important occupations.'

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

faintingverbUS /ˈfeɪntɪŋ/

-ing form of “faint” — pass out from weakness, physical or emotional distress due to a loss of blood supply to the brain

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

HeldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

HisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading His _Diary_ shews that he had no 'important occupations.'

importantadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt/

of great significance or value

From this reading His _Diary_ shews that he had no 'important occupations.'

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading He was in Parliament, but he had never spoken.

IrelandnounUS /ˈaɪərlənd/

a republic consisting of 26 of 32 counties comprising the island of Ireland; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1921

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

ivnoun

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

Johnson'snounUS /ˈdʒɑːnsənz/

possessive form of “johnson” — English writer and lexicographer (1709-1784)

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

monthsnounUS /mʌnθs/

plural of “month” — one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading He was in Parliament, but he had never spoken.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading His _Diary_ shews that he had no 'important occupations.'

occupationsnounUS /ˌɑːkjəˈpeɪʃənz/

plural of “occupation” — the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money

From this reading His _Diary_ shews that he had no 'important occupations.'

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

pnounUS /piː/

a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

ParliamentnounUS /ˈpɑːrləmənt/

a legislative assembly in certain countries

From this reading He was in Parliament, but he had never spoken.

scarcelyadverbUS /ˈskersli/

only a very short time before

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

SecretarynounUS /ˈsekrəteri/

a person who is head of an administrative department of government

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

shews

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His _Diary_ shews that he had no 'important occupations.'

spokenadjectiveUS /ˈspoʊkən/

uttered through the medium of speech or characterized by speech; sometimes used in combination

From this reading He was in Parliament, but he had never spoken.

standverbUS /stænd/

be standing; be upright

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

statesmannounUS /ˈsteɪtsmən/

a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading His _Diary_ shews that he had no 'important occupations.'

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

tremblingnounUS /ˈtrembəlɪŋ/

a shaky motion

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

weaklyadverbUS /ˈwiːkli/

in a weak or feeble manner or to a minor degree

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

Windham

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

WorksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand, Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."' Johnson's Works, iv.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading [1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p 200).

Chapter 31 of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784 by James Boswell holds 396 sentences, grouped into 80 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784 contain?

Chapter 31 holds 396 sentences of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784, unabridged, divided into 80 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784 by James Boswell exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 396 sentences, grouped into 80 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784?

Work through the 80 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 80 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #10357, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 600 minutes of reading across 2467 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784

Words and structures a reader meets early in Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

George
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Birkbeck
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Contents
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Altercation
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Life of Johnson, Volume 4 1780-1784; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.