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Literary Lapses
Literary Lapses

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Literary Lapses is here in full — 178 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Literary Lapses
Context Illustration Reading 1/138 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The poet, it must be said, is as old as civilization.
The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.
The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.
This can now be done by electricity, but the Romans did not know it.
But it is not my present purpose to speak of the poets of an earlier and ruder time.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Literary Lapses

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Literary Lapses is here in full — 178 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/138 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The poet, it must be said, is as old as civilization.
/ðə ˈpoʊət ɪt mʌst biː sed ɪz æz oʊld æz ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən/
Line 2
The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.
Line 3
The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.
Line 4
This can now be done by electricity, but the Romans did not know it.
/ðɪs kæn naʊ biː dʌn baɪ ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti bʌt ðə ˈroʊmənz dɪd nɑːt noʊ ɪt/
Line 5
But it is not my present purpose to speak of the poets of an earlier and ruder time.
/bʌt ɪt ɪz nɑːt maɪ ˈprezənt ˈpɜːrpəs tuː spiːk ʌv ðə ˈpoʊəts ʌv æn ˈɜːrliər ənd ˈruːdər taɪm/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

electricity noun US /ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti/

a physical phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons and protons

From this reading “This can now be done by electricity, but the Romans did not know it.”

endlessly adverb US /ˈendləsli/

continuing forever without end

From this reading “The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.”

Greeks noun US /ɡriːks/

plural of “greek” — the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages

From this reading “The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.”

juggling noun US /ˈdʒʌɡəlɪŋ/

the act of rearranging things to give a misleading impression

From this reading “The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.”

Romans noun US /ˈroʊmənz/

a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58

From this reading “The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.”

ruder adjective US /ˈruːdər/

comparative of “rude” — socially incorrect in behavior

From this reading “But it is not my present purpose to speak of the poets of an earlier and ruder time.”

stamping verb US /ˈstæmpɪŋ/

-ing form of “stamp” — walk heavily

From this reading “The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.”

syllables noun US /ˈsɪləbəlz/

plural of “syllable” — a unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme

From this reading “The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.”

All words in this reading · 54

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading But it is not my present purpose to speak of the poets of an earlier and ruder time.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The poet, it must be said, is as old as civilization.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The poet, it must be said, is as old as civilization.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading This can now be done by electricity, but the Romans did not know it.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading This can now be done by electricity, but the Romans did not know it.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading This can now be done by electricity, but the Romans did not know it.

civilizationnounUS /ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən/

a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)

From this reading The poet, it must be said, is as old as civilization.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading This can now be done by electricity, but the Romans did not know it.

doneadjectiveUS /dʌn/

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading This can now be done by electricity, but the Romans did not know it.

earlieradverbUS /ˈɜːrliər/

earlier in time; previously

From this reading But it is not my present purpose to speak of the poets of an earlier and ruder time.

electricitynounUS /ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti/

a physical phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons and protons

From this reading This can now be done by electricity, but the Romans did not know it.

endlesslyadverbUS /ˈendləsli/

continuing forever without end

From this reading The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.

footnounUS /fʊt/

the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.

GreeksnounUS /ɡriːks/

plural of “greek” — the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages

From this reading The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.

hexameters

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.

iambics

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The poet, it must be said, is as old as civilization.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The poet, it must be said, is as old as civilization.

jugglingnounUS /ˈdʒʌɡəlɪŋ/

the act of rearranging things to give a misleading impression

From this reading The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.

knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading This can now be done by electricity, but the Romans did not know it.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading The poet, it must be said, is as old as civilization.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading But it is not my present purpose to speak of the poets of an earlier and ruder time.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading This can now be done by electricity, but the Romans did not know it.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading This can now be done by electricity, but the Romans did not know it.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading The poet, it must be said, is as old as civilization.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.

poetnounUS /ˈpoʊət/

a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry)

From this reading The poet, it must be said, is as old as civilization.

poetsnounUS /ˈpoʊəts/

plural of “poet” — a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry)

From this reading But it is not my present purpose to speak of the poets of an earlier and ruder time.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading But it is not my present purpose to speak of the poets of an earlier and ruder time.

purposenounUS /ˈpɜːrpəs/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading But it is not my present purpose to speak of the poets of an earlier and ruder time.

RomansnounUS /ˈroʊmənz/

a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58

From this reading The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.

ruderadjectiveUS /ˈruːdər/

comparative of “rude” — socially incorrect in behavior

From this reading But it is not my present purpose to speak of the poets of an earlier and ruder time.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading The poet, it must be said, is as old as civilization.

shortadjectiveUS /ʃɔːrt/

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.

solenounUS /soʊl/

the underside of footwear or a golf club

From this reading The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.

speakverbUS /spiːk/

express in speech

From this reading But it is not my present purpose to speak of the poets of an earlier and ruder time.

stampingverbUS /ˈstæmpɪŋ/

-ing form of “stamp” — walk heavily

From this reading The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.

syllablesnounUS /ˈsɪləbəlz/

plural of “syllable” — a unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme

From this reading The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The poet, it must be said, is as old as civilization.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This can now be done by electricity, but the Romans did not know it.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading But it is not my present purpose to speak of the poets of an earlier and ruder time.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading The Romans, too, knew him--endlessly juggling his syllables together, long and short, short and long, to make hexameters.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The Greeks had him with them, stamping out his iambics with the sole of his foot.

Chapter 4 of Literary Lapses by Stephen Leacock holds 178 sentences, grouped into 36 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Literary Lapses contain?

Chapter 4 holds 178 sentences of Literary Lapses, unabridged, divided into 36 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Literary Lapses by Stephen Leacock exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 178 sentences, grouped into 36 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Literary Lapses?

Work through the 36 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 36 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Literary Lapses

Common questions about reading Literary Lapses by Stephen Leacock on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Literary Lapses?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Literary Lapses is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Literary Lapses take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Literary Lapses section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in Literary Lapses

Words and structures a reader meets early in Literary Lapses, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of Literary Lapses, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
One of the 0 chapters of Literary Lapses, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 3
One of the 0 chapters of Literary Lapses, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.