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Literature and Life (Complete)
Literature and Life (Complete)

Chapter XXXVI · Chapter 36

Chapter 36 of Literature and Life (Complete) is here in full — 151 sentences across 31 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/30 · 5 lines
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VII.
The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.
The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.
The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.
In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Literature and Life (Complete)

Chapter XXXVI · Chapter 36

Chapter 36 of Literature and Life (Complete) is here in full — 151 sentences across 31 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/30 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
VII.
Line 2
The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.
/ðə mɪˈsfɔːrtʃən ˈræðər ðæn ðə fɔːlt ʌv ˈaʊər ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl ˈkrɪtɪk ɪz ðæt hiː ɪz ðə er ʌv ðə fɔːls ˈθɪri ənd bæd ˈmænərz ʌv ðə ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ skuːl/
Line 3
The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.
/ðə ˈθɪri ʌv ðæt skuːl hæz əˈperəntli bɪn ðæt ˈɔːlmoʊst ˈeni ˈpɜːrsən ʌv ɡlɪb ənd ˈlaɪvli ɪkˈspreʃən ɪz ˈkɑːmpətɪnt tuː raɪt ʌv ˈɔːlmoʊst ˈeni bræntʃ ʌv pəˈlaɪt ˈlɪtərətʃər ɪts ˈmænərz ɑːr wʌt wiː noʊ/
Line 4
The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.
/ðə əˈmerəkən huːm ɪt hæz ˈlɑːrdʒli fɔːrmd ɪz baɪ ˈneɪtʃər ˈveri ɡlɪb ənd ˈveri ˈlaɪvli ənd ˈkɑːmənli hɪz ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm vjuːd æz ˌɪˈmædʒənətɪv wɜːrk ɪz mɔːr əˈɡriːəbəl ðæn ðæt ʌv ðə ˈɪŋɡlɪʃmən bʌt ɪt ɪz laɪk ðə ɑːrt ʌv boʊθ ˈkʌntriz æpt tuː biː ˈæmətʃɜːrɪʃ/
Line 5
In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.
/ɪn sʌm dɪˈɡriː ˈaʊər ˈɔːθərz hæv friːd ðemˈselvz frʌm ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ˈmɑːdəlz ðeɪ hæv ɡeɪnd sʌm ˈnoʊʃən ʌv ðə mɔːr ˈsɪriəs wɜːrk ʌv ðə ˈkɑːntənənt bʌt ɪt ɪz stɪl ðə æmˈbɪʃən ʌv ðə əˈmerəkən ˈkrɪtɪk tuː raɪt laɪk ðə ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ˈkrɪtɪk tuː ʃoʊ hɪz wɪt ɪf nɑːt hɪz ˈlɜːrnɪŋ tuː straɪv tuː ɪˈklɪps ðə ˈɔːθər ˈʌndər ˌriːˈvjuː ˈræðər ðæn ˈɪləstreɪt hɪm/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

amateurish adjective US /ˈæmətʃɜːrɪʃ/

lacking professional skill or expertise

From this reading “The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.”

competent adjective US /ˈkɑːmpətɪnt/

properly or sufficiently qualified or capable or efficient

From this reading “The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.”

eclipse verb US /ɪˈklɪps/

be greater in significance than

From this reading “In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.”

glib adjective US /ɡlɪb/

marked by lack of intellectual depth

From this reading “The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.”

illustrate verb US /ˈɪləstreɪt/

clarify by giving an example of

From this reading “In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.”

imaginative adjective US /ˌɪˈmædʒənətɪv/

(used of persons or artifacts) marked by independence and creativity in thought or action

From this reading “The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.”

models noun US /ˈmɑːdəlz/

plural of “model” — a hypothetical description of a complex entity or process

From this reading “In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.”

viewed verb US /vjuːd/

past form of “view” — deem to be

From this reading “The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.”

All words in this reading · 95

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

agreeableadjectiveUS /əˈɡriːəbəl/

conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

amateurishadjectiveUS /ˈæmətʃɜːrɪʃ/

lacking professional skill or expertise

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

ambitionnounUS /æmˈbɪʃən/

a cherished desire

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

apparentlyadverbUS /əˈperəntli/

from appearances alone

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

aptadjectiveUS /æpt/

(usually followed by “to”) naturally disposed toward

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

artauxiliary verbUS /ɑːrt/

an old form of “are”, used with “thou”

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

authornounUS /ˈɔːθər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

authorsnounUS /ˈɔːθərz/

plural of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

badadjectiveUS /bæd/

having undesirable or negative qualities

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

branchnounUS /bræntʃ/

a division of some larger or more complex organization

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

commonlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːmənli/

under normal conditions

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

competentadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmpətɪnt/

properly or sufficiently qualified or capable or efficient

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

ContinentnounUS /ˈkɑːntənənt/

one of the large landmasses of the earth

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

countriesnounUS /ˈkʌntriz/

plural of “country” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

criticnounUS /ˈkrɪtɪk/

a person who is professionally engaged in the analysis and interpretation of works of art

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

criticismnounUS /ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm/

disapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

degreenounUS /dɪˈɡriː/

a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

eclipseverbUS /ɪˈklɪps/

be greater in significance than

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

EnglishmannounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃmən/

a man who is a native or inhabitant of England

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

expressionnounUS /ɪkˈspreʃən/

the feelings expressed on a person's face

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

falseadjectiveUS /fɔːls/

not in accordance with the fact or reality or actuality

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

faultnounUS /fɔːlt/

a wrong action attributable to bad judgment or ignorance or inattention

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

formedadjectiveUS /fɔːrmd/

having or given a form or shape

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

freedverbUS /friːd/

past form of “free” — grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

gainedverbUS /ɡeɪnd/

past form of “gain” — obtain

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

glibadjectiveUS /ɡlɪb/

marked by lack of intellectual depth

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

heirnounUS /er/

A person legally or magically entitled to the property or rank of another on that person's death.

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

illustrateverbUS /ˈɪləstreɪt/

clarify by giving an example of

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

imaginativeadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈmædʒənətɪv/

(used of persons or artifacts) marked by independence and creativity in thought or action

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

individualadjectiveUS /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

largelyadverbUS /ˈlɑːrdʒli/

in large part; mainly or chiefly

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

learningnounUS /ˈlɜːrnɪŋ/

the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

livelyadjectiveUS /ˈlaɪvli/

full of life and energy

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

mannersnounUS /ˈmænərz/

social deportment

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

misfortunenounUS /mɪˈsfɔːrtʃən/

unnecessary and unforeseen trouble resulting from an unfortunate event

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

modelsnounUS /ˈmɑːdəlz/

plural of “model” — a hypothetical description of a complex entity or process

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

notionnounUS /ˈnoʊʃən/

a vague idea in which some confidence is placed

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

politeadjectiveUS /pəˈlaɪt/

showing regard for others in manners, speech, behavior, etc.

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

reviewnounUS /ˌriːˈvjuː/

a new appraisal or evaluation

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

schoolnounUS /skuːl/

an educational institution

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

seriousadjectiveUS /ˈsɪriəs/

concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

showverbUS /ʃoʊ/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

striveverbUS /straɪv/

attempt by employing effort

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

theorynounUS /ˈθɪri/

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena

From this reading The misfortune rather than the fault of our individual critic is that he is the heir of the false theory and bad manners of the English school.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

viewedverbUS /vjuːd/

past form of “view” — deem to be

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

VIInoun

the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one

From this reading VII.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

witnounUS /wɪt/

a message whose ingenuity or verbal skill or incongruity has the power to evoke laughter

From this reading In some degree our authors have freed themselves from English models; they have gained some notion of the more serious work of the Continent: but it is still the ambition of the American critic to write like the English critic, to show his wit if not his learning, to strive to eclipse the author under review rather than illustrate him.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading The American, whom it has largely formed, is by nature very glib and very lively, and commonly his criticism, viewed as imaginative work, is more agreeable than that of the Englishman; but it is, like the art of both countries, apt to be amateurish.

writeverbUS /raɪt/

produce a literary work

From this reading The theory of that school has apparently been that almost any person of glib and lively expression is competent to write of almost any branch of polite literature; its manners are what we know.

Chapter 36 of Literature and Life (Complete) by William Dean Howells holds 151 sentences, grouped into 31 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 36 of Literature and Life (Complete) contain?

Chapter 36 holds 151 sentences of Literature and Life (Complete), unabridged, divided into 31 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 36 of Literature and Life (Complete) by William Dean Howells exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 151 sentences, grouped into 31 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 36 of Literature and Life (Complete)?

Work through the 31 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 31 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 36 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 36 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Literature and Life (Complete)

Common questions about reading Literature and Life (Complete) by William Dean Howells on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Literature and Life (Complete)?

Yes. All 5547 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #3389 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Literature and Life (Complete) is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #3389, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Literature and Life (Complete) take to read?

About 462 minutes of reading across 1110 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Literature and Life (Complete)

Words and structures a reader meets early in Literature and Life (Complete), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Perhaps
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Literature and Life (Complete); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Reader
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Literature and Life (Complete); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
These
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Literature and Life (Complete); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Papers
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Literature and Life (Complete); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.