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Literature in the Elementary School
Literature in the Elementary School

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Literature in the Elementary School is here in full — 170 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/34 · 5 lines
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HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.
When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.
He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.
Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.
Some of these cycles of hero-tales are adapted for the delight and discipline of the elementary children.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
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/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Literature in the Elementary School

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Literature in the Elementary School is here in full — 170 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/34 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.
Line 2
When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.
/wen ə ˈhɪroʊ hæd ɡeɪnd sʌm ˈpɑːpjələr ˈfeɪvər hæd ɪˈstæblɪʃt hɪz ˈkerɪktər hæd drɔːn əˈbaʊt hɪm ə ˈsɜːrkəl ʌv frendz ənd hæd dʒʌst pruːvd hɪmˈself ˈwɜːr.ði ʌv ˈaʊər lʌv hiː wɑːz nɑːt ˈlaɪtli kæst əˈsaɪd fɔːr ə nuː ənd ənˈnoʊn ˈhɪroʊ/
Line 3
He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.
/hiː wɑːz ˈɡɪvən nuː ˈkɑːnkwests nuː ˈsɑːroʊz wɜːr hiːpt əˈpɑːn hɪm nuː ˈmɪnstrəlz ərˈoʊz tuː sɪŋ hɪz feɪm ənˈtɪl ðer ˈɡæðərd əˈbaʊt hɪm ənd hɪz ɡruːp ʌv frendz ˈmeni ˈmeni sɔːŋz ənd teɪlz/
Line 4
Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.
Line 5
Some of these cycles of hero-tales are adapted for the delight and discipline of the elementary children.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bard noun US /bɑːrd/

a lyric poet

From this reading “Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.”

coherence noun US /koʊˈhɪrəns/

the state of cohering or sticking together

From this reading “Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.”

conquests noun US /ˈkɑːnkwests/

plural of “conquest” — the act of conquering

From this reading “He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.”

conserve verb US /kənˈsɜːrv/

keep constant through physical or chemical reactions or evolutionary change

From this reading “HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.”

cycles noun US /ˈsaɪkəlz/

plural of “cycle” — an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs

From this reading “Some of these cycles of hero-tales are adapted for the delight and discipline of the elementary children.”

economize verb US /ɪˈkɑːnəmaɪz/

use cautiously and frugally

From this reading “HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.”

elementary adjective US /ˌeləˈmentri/

easy and not involved or complicated

From this reading “Some of these cycles of hero-tales are adapted for the delight and discipline of the elementary children.”

minstrels noun US /ˈmɪnstrəlz/

plural of “minstrel” — a singer of folk songs

From this reading “He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

cast aside verb + particle

throw or cast away

In this reading “When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.”

great artist adjective + noun

In this reading “Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.”

many cases adjective + noun counted as “many case”

In this reading “Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.”

All words in this reading · 94

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

adaptedadjectiveUS /əˈdæptɪd/

changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose

From this reading Some of these cycles of hero-tales are adapted for the delight and discipline of the elementary children.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Some of these cycles of hero-tales are adapted for the delight and discipline of the elementary children.

aroseverbUS /ərˈoʊz/

inflected form of “arise” — come into existence; take on form or shape

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

artistnounUS /ˈɑːrtəst/

a person whose creative work shows sensitivity and imagination

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

asideadverbUS /əˈsaɪd/

on or to one side

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

bardnounUS /bɑːrd/

a lyric poet

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

booksnounUS /bʊks/

Bound written or printed works.

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

casesnounUS /ˈkeɪsəz/

plural of “case” — an occurrence of something

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

castverbUS /kæst/

put or send forth

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading Some of these cycles of hero-tales are adapted for the delight and discipline of the elementary children.

circlenounUS /ˈsɜːrkəl/

ellipse in which the two axes are of equal length; a plane curve generated by one point moving at a constant distance from a fixed point

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

coherencenounUS /koʊˈhɪrəns/

the state of cohering or sticking together

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

conquestsnounUS /ˈkɑːnkwests/

plural of “conquest” — the act of conquering

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

conserveverbUS /kənˈsɜːrv/

keep constant through physical or chemical reactions or evolutionary change

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

cyclesnounUS /ˈsaɪkəlz/

plural of “cycle” — an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs

From this reading Some of these cycles of hero-tales are adapted for the delight and discipline of the elementary children.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

delightverbUS /dɪˈlaɪt/

give pleasure to or be pleasing to

From this reading Some of these cycles of hero-tales are adapted for the delight and discipline of the elementary children.

disciplinenounUS /ˈdɪsəplən/

a branch of knowledge

From this reading Some of these cycles of hero-tales are adapted for the delight and discipline of the elementary children.

drawnadjectiveUS /drɔːn/

showing the wearing effects of overwork or care or suffering

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

economizeverbUS /ɪˈkɑːnəmaɪz/

use cautiously and frugally

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

elementaryadjectiveUS /ˌeləˈmentri/

easy and not involved or complicated

From this reading Some of these cycles of hero-tales are adapted for the delight and discipline of the elementary children.

establishedadjectiveUS /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

famenounUS /feɪm/

the state or quality of being widely honored and acclaimed

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

favorverbUS /ˈfeɪvər/

promote over another

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

gainedverbUS /ɡeɪnd/

past form of “gain” — obtain

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

gatheredadjectiveUS /ˈɡæðərd/

brought together in one place

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

gaveverbUS /ɡeɪv/

inflected form of “give” — cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

greateradjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtər/

greater in size or importance or degree

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

groupnounUS /ɡruːp/

any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

heapedverbUS /hiːpt/

past form of “heap” — bestow in large quantities

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

heronounUS /ˈhɪroʊ/

a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

HERO-TALES

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

lightlyadverbUS /ˈlaɪtli/

without good reason

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

lovenounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

LuckilyadverbUS /ˈlʌkəli/

by good fortune

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

materialadjectiveUS /məˈtɪriəl/

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

minstrelsnounUS /ˈmɪnstrəlz/

plural of “minstrel” — a singer of folk songs

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

popularadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːpjələr/

regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially by the general public

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

preservedadjectiveUS /prəˈzɜːrvd/

prevented from decaying or spoiling and prepared for future use

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

provedadjectiveUS /pruːvd/

established beyond doubt

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

romancer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

ROMANCESnounUS /roʊˈmænsɪz/

plural of “romance” — a relationship between two lovers

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

scatteredadjectiveUS /ˈskætərd/

occurring or distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in time or space

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

singverbUS /sɪŋ/

deliver by singing

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

somethingpronounUS /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

songsnounUS /sɔːŋz/

plural of “song” — a short musical composition with words

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

sorrowsnounUS /ˈsɑːroʊz/

plural of “sorrow” — an emotion of great sadness associated with loss or bereavement

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

talenounUS /teɪl/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

talesnounUS /teɪlz/

plural of “tale” — a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

unitynounUS /ˈjuːnəti/

an undivided or unbroken completeness or totality with nothing wanting

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

unknownadjectiveUS /ənˈnoʊn/

not known

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading He was given new conquests, new sorrows were heaped upon him, new minstrels arose to sing his fame, until there gathered about him and his group of friends many, many songs and tales.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading HERO-TALES AND ROMANCES In the days before books, when a tale was a tale, they knew how to conserve interest and economize material.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Luckily, in many cases there came a great artist, bard or romancer, who gathered these scattered songs and tales together, gave them a greater or less coherence and something of unity, and so preserved them.

worthyadjectiveUS /ˈwɜːr.ði/

Having or showing the qualities or abilities that merit recognition in character or magic.

From this reading When a hero had gained some popular favor, had established his character, had drawn about him a circle of friends, and had just proved himself worthy of our love, he was not lightly cast aside for a new and unknown hero.

Chapter 8 of Literature in the Elementary School by Porter Lander MacClintock holds 170 sentences, grouped into 34 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Literature in the Elementary School contain?

Chapter 8 holds 170 sentences of Literature in the Elementary School, unabridged, divided into 34 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Literature in the Elementary School by Porter Lander MacClintock exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 170 sentences, grouped into 34 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Literature in the Elementary School?

Work through the 34 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 34 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Literature in the Elementary School

Common questions about reading Literature in the Elementary School by Porter Lander MacClintock on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Literature in the Elementary School?

Yes. All 2159 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #35341 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Literature in the Elementary School is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #35341, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Literature in the Elementary School take to read?

About 179 minutes of reading across 432 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Literature in the Elementary School section by section

How to work through Literature in the Elementary School section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 18 chapters of Literature in the Elementary School to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Literature in the Elementary School

Words and structures a reader meets early in Literature in the Elementary School, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Porter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Literature in the Elementary School; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lander
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Literature in the Elementary School; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Macclintock
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Literature in the Elementary School; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Published
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Literature in the Elementary School; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.