Chapter II · What Caused Death Valley?

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

higher than, or over, something

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

in the past

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

plural of “ancestor” — someone from whom you are descended (but usually more remote than a grandparent)

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading It is certain that no life could have existed on the thin crust of earth covered as it was with deadly gases.

towards the shore from the water

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

state categorically

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

plural of “bed” — a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

accept as true; take to be true

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros; in the United Kingdom the usage followed in the United States is frequently seen

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

brought into existence

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

the two together, not just one

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

placed in a grave

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

a motor vehicle with four wheels; usually propelled by an internal combustion engine

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading It is certain that no life could have existed on the thin crust of earth covered as it was with deadly gases.

third-person singular of “contain” — include or contain; have as a component

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

plural of “convulsion” — a sudden uncontrollable attack

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

neither warm nor very cold; giving relief from heat

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading It is certain that no life could have existed on the thin crust of earth covered as it was with deadly gases.

overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form

From this reading It is certain that no life could have existed on the thin crust of earth covered as it was with deadly gases.

past form of “crawl” — move slowly; in the case of people or animals with the body near the ground

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

plural of “creature” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

the outer layer of the Earth

From this reading It is certain that no life could have existed on the thin crust of earth covered as it was with deadly gases.

causing or capable of causing death

From this reading It is certain that no life could have existed on the thin crust of earth covered as it was with deadly gases.

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

the state of being decayed or destroyed

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

free from liquid or moisture; lacking natural or normal moisture or depleted of water; or no longer wet

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

plural of “dweller” — a person who inhabits a particular place

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading It is certain that no life could have existed on the thin crust of earth covered as it was with deadly gases.

at any time

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

past form of “exist” — have an existence, be extant

From this reading It is certain that no life could have existed on the thin crust of earth covered as it was with deadly gases.

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

plural of “forest” — the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

set up or found

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

a ceremony at which a dead person is buried or cremated

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

plural of “gas” — the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity

From this reading It is certain that no life could have existed on the thin crust of earth covered as it was with deadly gases.

coins made of gold

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading It is certain that no life could have existed on the thin crust of earth covered as it was with deadly gases.

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

plural of “hundred” — ten 10s

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

attractive and tempting

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is certain that no life could have existed on the thin crust of earth covered as it was with deadly gases.

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

plural of “lake” — a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

lowest in rank or importance

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

possessive form of “nature” — the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

not any; not one

From this reading It is certain that no life could have existed on the thin crust of earth covered as it was with deadly gases.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading It is certain that no life could have existed on the thin crust of earth covered as it was with deadly gases.

on one occasion

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

one of two equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

with considerable certainty; without much doubt

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: "the range of a supersonic jet"

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

superlative of “remote” — located far away spatially

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

plural of “river” — a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

plural of “scientist” — a person with advanced knowledge of one or more sciences

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

plural of “sea” — a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

plural of “shore” — the land along the edge of a body of water

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

from a time in the past until now

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; frequently (but not necessarily) a liquid solution

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

for that reason; as a result

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

Having little thickness or extent.

From this reading It is certain that no life could have existed on the thin crust of earth covered as it was with deadly gases.

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

the upper part of anything

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

up to a particular time

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

edible seeds or roots or stems or leaves or bulbs or tubers or nonsweet fruits of any of numerous herbaceous plant

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

clean by virtue of having been washed in water

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Since sea water contains more gold than has ever been found on the earth, it may be said that man on his way up from the lowest form of life was born in a solution of gold.

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Therefore, your remotest ancestors must have been sea creatures until they crawled out or were washed ashore in one of Nature’s convulsions to become land dwellers.

at the time that

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

in the company of; together with

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

a late time of life

From this reading Scientists assert that all life—both animal and vegetable began in these buried seas—probably two and one-half billion years ago.

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading When you travel through the desolation of Death Valley along the Funeral Range, you may find it difficult to believe that several thousand feet above the top of your car was once a cool, inviting land with rivers and forests and lakes, and that hundreds of feet below you are the dry beds of seas that washed its shores.