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Longshanks
Longshanks

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Longshanks is here in full — 115 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Longshanks
Context Illustration Reading 1/23 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.
The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.
The boy on the seat beside the driver pulled his cloak around him.
Le’s see, now,” said Long Bill, unwinding the lash of his sixteen-foot whip.
Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o money.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Longshanks

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Longshanks is here in full — 115 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/23 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.
Line 2
The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.
/ðə ˈɜːrli ˈeɪprəl sʌn wɪtʃ hæd bɪn ˈprɑːməsɪŋ sprɪŋ ɔːl deɪ wɑːz ɡɔːn naʊ ənd ə tʃɪl roʊz wɪð ðə dʌsk frʌm ðə ˈrɪvər/
Line 3
The boy on the seat beside the driver pulled his cloak around him.
/ðə bɔɪ ɑːn ðə siːt bɪˈsaɪd ðə ˈdraɪvər pʊld hɪz kloʊk ərˈaʊnd hɪm/
Line 4
Le’s see, now,” said Long Bill, unwinding the lash of his sixteen-foot whip.
Line 5
Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty omoney.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

brakes noun US /breɪks/

a braking device consisting of a combination of interacting parts that work to slow a motor vehicle

From this reading “Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.”

canter verb US /ˈkæntər/

ride at a canter

From this reading “Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.”

dusk noun US /dʌsk/

the time of day immediately following sunset

From this reading “The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.”

lash verb US /læʃ/

beat severely with a whip or rod

From this reading ““Le’s see, now,” said Long Bill, unwinding the lash of his sixteen-foot whip.”

promising adjective US /ˈprɑːməsɪŋ/

showing possibility of achievement or excellence

From this reading “The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.”

squealing adjective US /ˈskwiːlɪŋ/

having or making a high-pitched sound such as that made by a mouse or a rusty hinge

From this reading “Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.”

unwinding verb US /ənˈwaɪndɪŋ/

-ing form of “unwind” — reverse the winding or twisting of

From this reading ““Le’s see, now,” said Long Bill, unwinding the lash of his sixteen-foot whip.”

Wheeling noun US /ˈwiːlɪŋ/

a city in the northern panhandle of West Virginia on the Ohio river

From this reading “Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

beside the driver preposition + article + noun counted as “beside … driver”

In this reading “The boy on the seat beside the driver pulled his cloak around him.”

got plenty verb + noun counted as “get plenty”

In this reading ““Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.”

all day adjective + noun

In this reading “The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.”

on the seat preposition + article + noun counted as “on … seat”

In this reading “The boy on the seat beside the driver pulled his cloak around him.”

from the river preposition + article + noun counted as “from … river”

In this reading “The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.”

in the town preposition + article + noun counted as “in … town”

In this reading ““Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.”

All words in this reading · 76

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

AprilnounUS /ˈeɪprəl/

the month following March and preceding May

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading The boy on the seat beside the driver pulled his cloak around him.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

besideprepositionUS /bɪˈsaɪd/

next to; at the side of

From this reading The boy on the seat beside the driver pulled his cloak around him.

BillnounUS /bɪl/

a statute in draft before it becomes law

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

boynounUS /bɔɪ/

a youthful male person

From this reading The boy on the seat beside the driver pulled his cloak around him.

brakesnounUS /breɪks/

a braking device consisting of a combination of interacting parts that work to slow a motor vehicle

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading “Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

canterverbUS /ˈkæntər/

ride at a canter

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

chillnounUS /tʃɪl/

coldness due to a cold environment

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

cloaknounUS /kloʊk/

anything that covers or conceals

From this reading The boy on the seat beside the driver pulled his cloak around him.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

DownadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

drivernounUS /ˈdraɪvər/

the operator of a motor vehicle

From this reading The boy on the seat beside the driver pulled his cloak around him.

dusknounUS /dʌsk/

the time of day immediately following sunset

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

footnounUS /fʊt/

the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading “Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

goneadjectiveUS /ɡɔːn/

destroyed or killed

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

gotverbUS /ɡɑːt/

inflected form of “get” — come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading “Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

hain't

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.

heavyadjectiveUS /ˈhevi/

of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading “Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.

hillnounUS /hɪl/

a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The boy on the seat beside the driver pulled his cloak around him.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The boy on the seat beside the driver pulled his cloak around him.

horsesnounUS /ˈhɔːrsəz/

plural of “horse” — solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading “Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading “Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

lashverbUS /læʃ/

beat severely with a whip or rod

From this reading “Le’s see, now,” said Long Bill, unwinding the lash of his sixteen-foot whip.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

Le's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “Le’s see, now,” said Long Bill, unwinding the lash of his sixteen-foot whip.

leanverbUS /liːn/

to incline or bend from a vertical position

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

Mifflin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

moneynounUS /ˈmʌni/

the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender

From this reading “Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading “Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

onounUS /oʊ/

a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earth's crust

From this reading “Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The boy on the seat beside the driver pulled his cloak around him.

plentynounUS /ˈplenti/

a full supply

From this reading “Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.

promisingadjectiveUS /ˈprɑːməsɪŋ/

showing possibility of achievement or excellence

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

pulledverbUS /pʊld/

past form of “pull” — cause to move by pulling

From this reading The boy on the seat beside the driver pulled his cloak around him.

reckonverbUS /ˈrekən/

expect, believe, or suppose

From this reading “Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.

rivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

rosenounUS /roʊz/

any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading “Le’s see, now,” said Long Bill, unwinding the lash of his sixteen-foot whip.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading “Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.

seatnounUS /siːt/

a space reserved for sitting (as in a theater or on a train or airplane)

From this reading The boy on the seat beside the driver pulled his cloak around him.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading “Le’s see, now,” said Long Bill, unwinding the lash of his sixteen-foot whip.

sixteen-foot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “Le’s see, now,” said Long Bill, unwinding the lash of his sixteen-foot whip.

SpringnounUS /sprɪŋ/

the season of growth

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

squealingadjectiveUS /ˈskwiːlɪŋ/

having or making a high-pitched sound such as that made by a mouse or a rusty hinge

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

stagenounUS /steɪdʒ/

any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

sunnounUS /sʌn/

the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

TownnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

unwindingverbUS /ənˈwaɪndɪŋ/

-ing form of “unwind” — reverse the winding or twisting of

From this reading “Le’s see, now,” said Long Bill, unwinding the lash of his sixteen-foot whip.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

WheelingnounUS /ˈwiːlɪŋ/

a city in the northern panhandle of West Virginia on the Ohio river

From this reading Down the last long hill into Wheeling Town came the stage, its four lean horses at a canter and its brakes squealing under the heavy foot of Long Bill Mifflin.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

whipverbUS /wɪp/

beat severely with a whip or rod

From this reading “Le’s see, now,” said Long Bill, unwinding the lash of his sixteen-foot whip.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The early April sun, which had been promising Spring all day, was gone now, and a chill rose with the dusk from the river.

YepronounUS /jiː/

an old word for “you”, speaking to more than one person

From this reading “Ye say ye hain’t got no friends in the town, here, but I reckon ye got plenty o’ money.

Chapter 1 of Longshanks by Stephen W. (Stephen Warren) Meader holds 115 sentences, grouped into 23 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Longshanks contain?

Chapter 1 holds 115 sentences of Longshanks, unabridged, divided into 23 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Longshanks by Stephen W. (Stephen Warren) Meader exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 115 sentences, grouped into 23 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Longshanks?

Work through the 23 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 23 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Longshanks

Common questions about reading Longshanks by Stephen W. (Stephen Warren) Meader on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Longshanks?

Yes. All 3187 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #75520 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Longshanks is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #75520, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Longshanks take to read?

About 265 minutes of reading across 638 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Longshanks section by section

How to work through Longshanks section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 21 chapters of Longshanks to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Longshanks

Words and structures a reader meets early in Longshanks, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Wheeling
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Longshanks; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Stage
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Longshanks; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Horses
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Longshanks; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Canter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Longshanks; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.