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Looking Backward: 2000-1887
Looking Backward: 2000-1887

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 is here in full — 51 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/10 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.
Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."
"Extension!" he repeated, "where is the extension?"
"In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."
"And, in heaven's name, who are the public enemies?" exclaimed Dr. Leete.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Looking Backward: 2000-1887

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 is here in full — 51 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/10 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.
Line 2
Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."
/ˈfaɪnəli aɪ sed ðə aɪˈdiːə ʌv sʌtʃ æn ɪkˈstenʃən ʌv ðə ˈfʌŋkʃənz ʌv ˈɡʌvərmənt ɪz tuː seɪ ðə liːst ˈræðər ˌoʊvərˈwelmɪŋ/
Line 3
"Extension!" he repeated, "where is the extension?"
/ɪkˈstenʃən hiː rɪˈpiːtɪd wer ɪz ðə ɪkˈstenʃən/
Line 4
"In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."
/ɪn maɪ deɪ aɪ rɪˈplaɪd ɪt wɑːz kənˈsɪdərd ðæt ðə ˈprɑːpər ˈfʌŋkʃənz ʌv ˈɡʌvərmənt ˈstrɪktli ˈspiːkɪŋ wɜːr ˈlɪmətəd tuː ˈkiːpɪŋ ðə piːs ənd dɪˈfendɪŋ ðə ˈpiːpəl əˈɡenst ðə ˈpʌblɪk ˈenəmi ðæt ɪz tuː ðə ˈmɪləteri ənd pəˈliːs ˈpaʊərz/
Line 5
"And, in heaven's name, who are the public enemies?" exclaimed Dr. Leete.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

defending adjective US /dɪˈfendɪŋ/

attempting to or designed to prevent an opponent from winning or scoring

From this reading “"In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."”

endeavoring verb US /ɪnˈdevərɪŋ/

-ing form of “endeavor” — attempt by employing effort

From this reading “Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.”

extension noun US /ɪkˈstenʃən/

a mutually agreed delay in the date set for the completion of a job or payment of a debt

From this reading “Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."”

functions noun US /ˈfʌŋkʃənz/

plural of “function” — (mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function)

From this reading “Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."”

heaven's noun US /ˈhevənz/

possessive form of “heaven” — any place of complete bliss and delight and peace

From this reading “"And, in heaven's name, who are the public enemies?" exclaimed Dr. Leete.”

implied verb US /ˌɪmˈplaɪd/

inflected form of “imply” — express or state indirectly

From this reading “Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.”

overwhelming adjective US /ˌoʊvərˈwelmɪŋ/

so strong as to be irresistible

From this reading “Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."”

strictly adverb US /ˈstrɪktli/

restricted to something

From this reading “"In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading "And, in heaven's name, who are the public enemies?" exclaimed Dr. Leete.

arrangementsnounUS /ərˈeɪndʒmənts/

plural of “arrangement” — the thing arranged or agreed to

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

ceasedverbUS /siːst/

past form of “cease” — put an end to a state or an activity

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

changesnounUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/

plural of “change” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

conceptionnounUS /kənˈsepʃən/

an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

consideredadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərd/

carefully weighed

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

defendingadjectiveUS /dɪˈfendɪŋ/

attempting to or designed to prevent an opponent from winning or scoring

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

describedadjectiveUS /dɪˈskraɪbd/

represented in words especially with sharpness and detail

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

Dr

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

endeavoringverbUS /ɪnˈdevərɪŋ/

-ing form of “endeavor” — attempt by employing effort

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

enemiesnounUS /ˈenəmiz/

plural of “enemy” — an opposing military force

From this reading "And, in heaven's name, who are the public enemies?" exclaimed Dr. Leete.

enemynounUS /ˈenəmi/

an opposing military force

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

exclaimedverbUS /ɪkˈskleɪmd/

past form of “exclaim” — utter aloud; often with surprise, horror, or joy

From this reading "And, in heaven's name, who are the public enemies?" exclaimed Dr. Leete.

extensionnounUS /ɪkˈstenʃən/

a mutually agreed delay in the date set for the completion of a job or payment of a debt

From this reading Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."

FinallyadverbUS /ˈfaɪnəli/

after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay

From this reading Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

functionsnounUS /ˈfʌŋkʃənz/

plural of “function” — (mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function)

From this reading Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."

generaladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

governmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

heaven'snounUS /ˈhevənz/

possessive form of “heaven” — any place of complete bliss and delight and peace

From this reading "And, in heaven's name, who are the public enemies?" exclaimed Dr. Leete.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

ideanounUS /aɪˈdiːə/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."

impliedverbUS /ˌɪmˈplaɪd/

inflected form of “imply” — express or state indirectly

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

keepingnounUS /ˈkiːpɪŋ/

conformity or harmony

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."

Leete

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

limitedadjectiveUS /ˈlɪmətəd/

small in range or scope

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

militaryadjectiveUS /ˈmɪləteri/

of or relating to the study of the principles of warfare

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading "And, in heaven's name, who are the public enemies?" exclaimed Dr. Leete.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

overwhelmingadjectiveUS /ˌoʊvərˈwelmɪŋ/

so strong as to be irresistible

From this reading Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."

peacenounUS /piːs/

the state prevailing during the absence of war

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

policenounUS /pəˈliːs/

the force of policemen and officers

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

powersnounUS /ˈpaʊərz/

plural of “power” — possession of controlling influence

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

properadjectiveUS /ˈprɑːpər/

marked by suitability or rightness or appropriateness

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."

remainedverbUS /rɪˈmeɪnd/

past form of “remain” — stay the same; remain in a certain state

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

repeatedadjectiveUS /rɪˈpiːtɪd/

recurring again and again

From this reading "Extension!" he repeated, "where is the extension?"

repliedverbUS /rɪˈplaɪd/

inflected form of “reply” — react verbally

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

revolutionnounUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃən/

a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."

silentadjectiveUS /ˈsaɪlənt/

marked by absence of sound

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

societynounUS /səˈsaɪəti/

an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

speakingnounUS /ˈspiːkɪŋ/

the utterance of intelligible speech

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

strictlyadverbUS /ˈstrɪktli/

restricted to something

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Finally I said, "The idea of such an extension of the functions of government is, to say the least, rather overwhelming."

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

tremendousadjectiveUS /trəˈmendəs/

extraordinarily large in size or extent or amount or power or degree

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading "In my day," I replied, "it was considered that the proper functions of government, strictly speaking, were limited to keeping the peace and defending the people against the public enemy, that is, to the military and police powers."

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading "Extension!" he repeated, "where is the extension?"

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Dr. Leete ceased speaking, and I remained silent, endeavoring to form some general conception of the changes in the arrangements of society implied in the tremendous revolution which he had described.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading "And, in heaven's name, who are the public enemies?" exclaimed Dr. Leete.

Chapter 7 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 by Edward Bellamy holds 51 sentences, grouped into 11 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 contain?

Chapter 7 holds 51 sentences of Looking Backward: 2000-1887, unabridged, divided into 11 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 by Edward Bellamy exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 51 sentences, grouped into 11 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887?

Work through the 11 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 11 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Looking Backward: 2000-1887

Common questions about reading Looking Backward: 2000-1887 by Edward Bellamy on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Looking Backward: 2000-1887?

Yes. All 3347 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #25439 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #25439, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Looking Backward: 2000-1887 take to read?

About 278 minutes of reading across 670 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Looking Backward: 2000-1887 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Looking Backward: 2000-1887

Words and structures a reader meets early in Looking Backward: 2000-1887, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Radical
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Looking Backward: 2000-1887; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Friends
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Looking Backward: 2000-1887; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Express
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Looking Backward: 2000-1887; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Certain
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Looking Backward: 2000-1887; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.