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Looking Backward: 2000-1887
Looking Backward: 2000-1887

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 is here in full — 99 sentences across 20 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Looking Backward: 2000-1887
Context Illustration Reading 1/19 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
"It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.
Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.
But the industrial army must learn and follow two or three hundred diverse trades and avocations.
What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"
"The administration has nothing to do with determining that point."
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Looking Backward: 2000-1887

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 is here in full — 99 sentences across 20 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/19 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
"It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.
/ɪt ɪz ˈæftər juː hæv ˈmʌstərd jɔːr ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˈɑːrmi ˈɪntuː ˈsɜːrvəs aɪ sed ðæt aɪ ʃʊd ɪkˈspekt ðə tʃiːf ˈdɪfəkəlti tuː ərˈaɪz fɔːr ðer ɪts əˈnælədʒi wɪð ə ˈmɪləteri ˈɑːrmi mʌst siːs/
Line 2
Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.
/ˈsoʊldʒərz hæv ɔːl ðə seɪm θɪŋ ənd ə ˈveri ˈsɪmpəl θɪŋ tuː duː ˈneɪmli tuː ˈpræktəs ðə ˈmænjuːəl ʌv ɑːrmz tuː mɑːrtʃ ənd stænd ɡɑːrd/
Line 3
But the industrial army must learn and follow two or three hundred diverse trades and avocations.
Line 4
What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"
/wʌt ədˈmɪnəstreɪtɪv ˈtælənt kæn biː ˈiːkwəl tuː dɪˈtɜːrmənɪŋ ˈwaɪzli wʌt treɪd ɔːr ˈbɪznəs ˈevəri ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl ɪn ə ɡreɪt ˈneɪʃən ʃæl pərˈsuː/
Line 5
"The administration has nothing to do with determining that point."
/ðə ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən hæz ˈnʌθɪŋ tuː duː wɪð dɪˈtɜːrmənɪŋ ðæt pɔɪnt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

administrative adjective US /ədˈmɪnəstreɪtɪv/

of or relating to or responsible for administration

From this reading “What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"”

analogy noun US /əˈnælədʒi/

an inference that if things agree in some respects they probably agree in others

From this reading “"It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.”

determining adjective US /dɪˈtɜːrmənɪŋ/

having the power or quality of deciding

From this reading “What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"”

diverse adjective US /daɪˈvɜːrs/

many and different

From this reading “But the industrial army must learn and follow two or three hundred diverse trades and avocations.”

industrial adjective US /ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl/

of or relating to or resulting from industry

From this reading “"It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.”

manual noun US /ˈmænjuːəl/

a small handbook

From this reading “Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.”

mustered verb US /ˈmʌstərd/

past form of “muster” — gather or bring together

From this reading “"It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.”

trades noun US /treɪdz/

plural of “trade” — the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading “But the industrial army must learn and follow two or three hundred diverse trades and avocations.”

All words in this reading · 77

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

administrationnounUS /ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən/

a method of tending to or managing the affairs of a some group of people (especially the group's business affairs)

From this reading "The administration has nothing to do with determining that point."

administrativeadjectiveUS /ədˈmɪnəstreɪtɪv/

of or relating to or responsible for administration

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

analogynounUS /əˈnælədʒi/

an inference that if things agree in some respects they probably agree in others

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

ariseverbUS /ərˈaɪz/

come into existence; take on form or shape

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

armsnounUS /ɑːrmz/

weapons considered collectively

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

avocations

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But the industrial army must learn and follow two or three hundred diverse trades and avocations.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

businessnounUS /ˈbɪznəs/

a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But the industrial army must learn and follow two or three hundred diverse trades and avocations.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

ceaseverbUS /siːs/

put an end to a state or an activity

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

chiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

determiningadjectiveUS /dɪˈtɜːrmənɪŋ/

having the power or quality of deciding

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

difficultynounUS /ˈdɪfəkəlti/

an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

diverseadjectiveUS /daɪˈvɜːrs/

many and different

From this reading But the industrial army must learn and follow two or three hundred diverse trades and avocations.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

equalverbUS /ˈiːkwəl/

be identical or equivalent to

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

expectverbUS /ɪkˈspekt/

regard something as probable or likely

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

followverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊ/

to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading But the industrial army must learn and follow two or three hundred diverse trades and avocations.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

guardnounUS /ɡɑːrd/

a person who keeps watch over something or someone

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "The administration has nothing to do with determining that point."

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading But the industrial army must learn and follow two or three hundred diverse trades and avocations.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

individualadjectiveUS /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

industrialadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl/

of or relating to or resulting from industry

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

learnverbUS /lɜːrn/

gain knowledge or skills

From this reading But the industrial army must learn and follow two or three hundred diverse trades and avocations.

manualnounUS /ˈmænjuːəl/

a small handbook

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

marchverbUS /mɑːrtʃ/

march in a procession

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

militaryadjectiveUS /ˈmɪləteri/

of or relating to the study of the principles of warfare

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

musteredverbUS /ˈmʌstərd/

past form of “muster” — gather or bring together

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

namelyadverbUS /ˈneɪmli/

as follows

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

nationnounUS /ˈneɪʃən/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading "The administration has nothing to do with determining that point."

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading But the industrial army must learn and follow two or three hundred diverse trades and avocations.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading "The administration has nothing to do with determining that point."

practicenounUS /ˈpræktəs/

a customary way of operation or behavior

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

pursueverbUS /pərˈsuː/

carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

servicenounUS /ˈsɜːrvəs/

work done by one person or group that benefits another

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

simpleadjectiveUS /ˈsɪmpəl/

having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

SoldiersnounUS /ˈsoʊldʒərz/

plural of “soldier” — an enlisted man or woman who serves in an army

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

standverbUS /stænd/

be standing; be upright

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

talentnounUS /ˈtælənt/

natural abilities or qualities

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading But the industrial army must learn and follow two or three hundred diverse trades and avocations.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

tradenounUS /treɪd/

the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

tradesnounUS /treɪdz/

plural of “trade” — the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading But the industrial army must learn and follow two or three hundred diverse trades and avocations.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading But the industrial army must learn and follow two or three hundred diverse trades and avocations.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Soldiers have all the same thing, and a very simple thing, to do, namely, to practice the manual of arms, to march and stand guard.

WhatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

wiselyadverbUS /ˈwaɪzli/

in a wise manner

From this reading What administrative talent can be equal to determining wisely what trade or business every individual in a great nation shall pursue?"

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading "It is after you have mustered your industrial army into service," I said, "that I should expect the chief difficulty to arise, for there its analogy with a military army must cease.

Chapter 8 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 by Edward Bellamy holds 99 sentences, grouped into 20 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 contain?

Chapter 8 holds 99 sentences of Looking Backward: 2000-1887, unabridged, divided into 20 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 by Edward Bellamy exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 99 sentences, grouped into 20 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887?

Work through the 20 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 20 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Looking Backward: 2000-1887

Common questions about reading Looking Backward: 2000-1887 by Edward Bellamy on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Looking Backward: 2000-1887?

Yes. All 3347 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #25439 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #25439, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Looking Backward: 2000-1887 take to read?

About 278 minutes of reading across 670 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Looking Backward: 2000-1887 section by section

How to work through Looking Backward: 2000-1887 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Looking Backward: 2000-1887

Words and structures a reader meets early in Looking Backward: 2000-1887, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Radical
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Looking Backward: 2000-1887; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Friends
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Looking Backward: 2000-1887; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Express
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Looking Backward: 2000-1887; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Certain
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Looking Backward: 2000-1887; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.