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Looking Backward: 2000-1887
Looking Backward: 2000-1887

Chapter XX · Chapter 20

Chapter 20 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 is here in full — 117 sentences across 24 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Looking Backward: 2000-1887
Context Illustration Reading 1/23 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
In the course of an early morning constitutional I visited Charlestown.
Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.
"That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.
"We have no jails nowadays.
All cases of atavism are treated in the hospitals."
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Looking Backward: 2000-1887

Chapter XX · Chapter 20

Chapter 20 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 is here in full — 117 sentences across 24 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/23 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
In the course of an early morning constitutional I visited Charlestown.
/ɪn ðə kɔːrs ʌv æn ˈɜːrli ˈmɔːrnɪŋ ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃənəl aɪ ˈvɪzɪtɪd ˈtʃɑːrlstaʊn/
Line 2
Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.
/əˈmʌŋ ðə ˈtʃeɪndʒəz tuː ˈnuːmərəs tuː əˈtempt tuː ˈɪndəkeɪt wɪtʃ mɑːrk ðə læps ʌv ə ˈsentʃəri ɪn ðæt ˈkwɔːrtər aɪ ˌpɑːrˈtɪkjələrli ˈnoʊtəd ðə ˈtoʊtəl ˌdɪsəˈpɪrəns ʌv ðə oʊld steɪt ˈprɪzən/
Line 3
"That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.
Line 4
"We have no jails nowadays.
/wiː hæv noʊ dʒeɪlz ˈnaʊədeɪz/
Line 5
All cases of atavism are treated in the hospitals."
/ɔːl ˈkeɪsəz ʌv ˈætəvɪzəm ɑːr ˈtriːtɪd ɪn ðə ˈhɑːspɪtəlz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

alluded verb US /əˈluːdɪd/

past form of “allude” — make a more or less disguised reference to

From this reading “"That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.”

atavism noun US /ˈætəvɪzəm/

a reappearance of an earlier characteristic

From this reading “All cases of atavism are treated in the hospitals."”

Charlestown noun US /ˈtʃɑːrlstaʊn/

a former town and present-day neighborhood of Boston; settled in 1629

From this reading “In the course of an early morning constitutional I visited Charlestown.”

constitutional adjective US /ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃənəl/

of benefit to or intended to benefit your physical makeup

From this reading “In the course of an early morning constitutional I visited Charlestown.”

disappearance noun US /ˌdɪsəˈpɪrəns/

the act of leaving secretly or without explanation

From this reading “Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.”

hospitals noun US /ˈhɑːspɪtəlz/

plural of “hospital” — a health facility where patients receive treatment

From this reading “All cases of atavism are treated in the hospitals."”

jails noun US /dʒeɪlz/

plural of “jail” — a correctional institution used to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the government (either accused persons awaiting trial or convicted persons serving a sentence)

From this reading “"We have no jails nowadays.”

lapse verb US /læps/

pass into a specified state or condition

From this reading “Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.”

All words in this reading · 61

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading All cases of atavism are treated in the hospitals."

alludedverbUS /əˈluːdɪd/

past form of “allude” — make a more or less disguised reference to

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

AmongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading In the course of an early morning constitutional I visited Charlestown.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading All cases of atavism are treated in the hospitals."

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

atavismnounUS /ˈætəvɪzəm/

a reappearance of an earlier characteristic

From this reading All cases of atavism are treated in the hospitals."

attemptnounUS /əˈtempt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

breakfastverbUS /ˈbrekfəst/

eat an early morning meal

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

casesnounUS /ˈkeɪsəz/

plural of “case” — an occurrence of something

From this reading All cases of atavism are treated in the hospitals."

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

changesnounUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/

plural of “change” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

CharlestownnounUS /ˈtʃɑːrlstaʊn/

a former town and present-day neighborhood of Boston; settled in 1629

From this reading In the course of an early morning constitutional I visited Charlestown.

constitutionaladjectiveUS /ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃənəl/

of benefit to or intended to benefit your physical makeup

From this reading In the course of an early morning constitutional I visited Charlestown.

coursenounUS /kɔːrs/

education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings

From this reading In the course of an early morning constitutional I visited Charlestown.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

disappearancenounUS /ˌdɪsəˈpɪrəns/

the act of leaving secretly or without explanation

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

Dr

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading In the course of an early morning constitutional I visited Charlestown.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading "We have no jails nowadays.

hearingnounUS /ˈhiːrɪŋ/

(law) a proceeding (usually by a court) where evidence is taken for the purpose of determining an issue of fact and reaching a decision based on that evidence

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

hospitalsnounUS /ˈhɑːspɪtəlz/

plural of “hospital” — a health facility where patients receive treatment

From this reading All cases of atavism are treated in the hospitals."

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading In the course of an early morning constitutional I visited Charlestown.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In the course of an early morning constitutional I visited Charlestown.

indicateverbUS /ˈɪndəkeɪt/

be a signal for or a symptom of

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

jailsnounUS /dʒeɪlz/

plural of “jail” — a correctional institution used to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the government (either accused persons awaiting trial or convicted persons serving a sentence)

From this reading "We have no jails nowadays.

lapseverbUS /læps/

pass into a specified state or condition

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

Leete

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

markverbUS /mɑːrk/

attach a tag or label to

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading In the course of an early morning constitutional I visited Charlestown.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading "We have no jails nowadays.

notedadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊtəd/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

nowadaysnounUS /ˈnaʊədeɪz/

the period of time that is happening now; any continuous stretch of time including the moment of speech

From this reading "We have no jails nowadays.

numerousadjectiveUS /ˈnuːmərəs/

amounting to a large indefinite number

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In the course of an early morning constitutional I visited Charlestown.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

particularlyadverbUS /ˌpɑːrˈtɪkjələrli/

to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

prisonnounUS /ˈprɪzən/

a correctional institution where persons are confined while on trial or for punishment

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

quarternounUS /ˈkwɔːrtər/

one of four equal parts

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

rememberverbUS /rɪˈmɛm.bər/

To recall to mind.

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

statenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

tablenounUS /ˈteɪbəl/

a set of data arranged in rows and columns

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading In the course of an early morning constitutional I visited Charlestown.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

totalverbUS /ˈtoʊtəl/

add up in number or quantity

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

treatedadjectiveUS /ˈtriːtɪd/

subjected to a physical (or chemical) treatment or action or agent

From this reading All cases of atavism are treated in the hospitals."

visitedverbUS /ˈvɪzɪtɪd/

past form of “visit” — go to see a place, as for entertainment

From this reading In the course of an early morning constitutional I visited Charlestown.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading "We have no jails nowadays.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading "That went before my day, but I remember hearing about it," said Dr. Leete, when I alluded to the fact at the breakfast table.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Among the changes, too numerous to attempt to indicate, which mark the lapse of a century in that quarter, I particularly noted the total disappearance of the old state prison.

Chapter 20 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 by Edward Bellamy holds 117 sentences, grouped into 24 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 contain?

Chapter 20 holds 117 sentences of Looking Backward: 2000-1887, unabridged, divided into 24 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 by Edward Bellamy exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 117 sentences, grouped into 24 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of Looking Backward: 2000-1887?

Work through the 24 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 24 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Looking Backward: 2000-1887

Common questions about reading Looking Backward: 2000-1887 by Edward Bellamy on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Looking Backward: 2000-1887?

Yes. All 3347 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #25439 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Looking Backward: 2000-1887 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #25439, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Looking Backward: 2000-1887 take to read?

About 278 minutes of reading across 670 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in Looking Backward: 2000-1887

Words and structures a reader meets early in Looking Backward: 2000-1887, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Radical
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Looking Backward: 2000-1887; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Friends
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Looking Backward: 2000-1887; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Express
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Looking Backward: 2000-1887; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Certain
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Looking Backward: 2000-1887; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.