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Lords of the World
Lords of the World

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of Lords of the World is here in full — 90 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/18 · 5 lines
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MUMMIUS.
Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.
Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.
He had also the advantage of having made the consul's acquaintance during his sojourn in Italy.
Mummius was a "new man",[63] one of the class which their enemies describe as upstarts, their friends as "self-made men".
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Lords of the World

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of Lords of the World is here in full — 90 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/18 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
MUMMIUS.
Line 2
Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.
Line 3
Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.
Line 4
He had also the advantage of having made the consul's acquaintance during his sojourn in Italy.
Line 5
Mummius was a "new man",[63] one of the class which their enemies describe as upstarts, their friends as "self-made men".

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

access noun US /ˈækses/

the right to enter

From this reading “Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.”

consuls noun US /ˈkɑːnsəlz/

plural of “consul” — a diplomat appointed by a government to protect its commercial interests and help its citizens in a foreign country

From this reading “Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.”

Corinth noun US /ˈkɔːrənθ/

the modern Greek port near the site of the ancient city that was second only to Athens

From this reading “Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.”

obtaining verb US /əbˈteɪnɪŋ/

-ing form of “obtain” — come into possession of

From this reading “Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.”

operate verb US /ˈɑːpəreɪt/

direct or control; projects, businesses, etc.

From this reading “Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.”

Scipio noun US /ˈsɪpioʊ/

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC)

From this reading “Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.”

sojourn noun US /ˈsoʊdʒərn/

a temporary stay (e.g., as a guest)

From this reading “He had also the advantage of having made the consul's acquaintance during his sojourn in Italy.”

upstarts noun US /əpˈstɑːrts/

plural of “upstart” — an arrogant or presumptuous person

From this reading “Mummius was a "new man",[63] one of the class which their enemies describe as upstarts, their friends as "self-made men".”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

take command verb + noun

In this reading “Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.”

great man adjective + noun

In this reading “Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.”

All words in this reading · 66

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

63

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mummius was a "new man",[63] one of the class which their enemies describe as upstarts, their friends as "self-made men".

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

accessnounUS /ˈækses/

the right to enter

From this reading Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.

acquaintancenounUS /əˈkweɪntəns/

personal knowledge or information about someone or something

From this reading He had also the advantage of having made the consul's acquaintance during his sojourn in Italy.

addressedadjectiveUS /əˈdrest/

(of mail) marked with a destination

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

advantagenounUS /ædˈvæntɪdʒ/

the quality of having a superior or more favorable position

From this reading He had also the advantage of having made the consul's acquaintance during his sojourn in Italy.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading He had also the advantage of having made the consul's acquaintance during his sojourn in Italy.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

classnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading Mummius was a "new man",[63] one of the class which their enemies describe as upstarts, their friends as "self-made men".

Cleanor

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.

commandnounUS /kəˈmænd/

an authoritative direction or instruction to do something

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

consul's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had also the advantage of having made the consul's acquaintance during his sojourn in Italy.

consulsnounUS /ˈkɑːnsəlz/

plural of “consul” — a diplomat appointed by a government to protect its commercial interests and help its citizens in a foreign country

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

CorinthnounUS /ˈkɔːrənθ/

the modern Greek port near the site of the ancient city that was second only to Athens

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

describeverbUS /dɪˈskraɪb/

give a description of

From this reading Mummius was a "new man",[63] one of the class which their enemies describe as upstarts, their friends as "self-made men".

difficultynounUS /ˈdɪfəkəlti/

an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading He had also the advantage of having made the consul's acquaintance during his sojourn in Italy.

enemiesnounUS /ˈenəmiz/

plural of “enemy” — an opposing military force

From this reading Mummius was a "new man",[63] one of the class which their enemies describe as upstarts, their friends as "self-made men".

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.

forcesnounUS /ˈfɔːrsɪz/

plural of “force” — a powerful effect or influence

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading Mummius was a "new man",[63] one of the class which their enemies describe as upstarts, their friends as "self-made men".

furnishedadjectiveUS /ˈfɜːrnɪʃt/

provided with whatever is necessary for a purpose (as furniture or equipment or authority)

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading He had also the advantage of having made the consul's acquaintance during his sojourn in Italy.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading He had also the advantage of having made the consul's acquaintance during his sojourn in Italy.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.

ItalynounUS /ˈɪtəli/

a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD

From this reading He had also the advantage of having made the consul's acquaintance during his sojourn in Italy.

lateradverbUS /ˈleɪtər/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

letternounUS /ˈletər/

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

likelyadjectiveUS /ˈlaɪkli/

has a good chance of being the case or of coming about

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading He had also the advantage of having made the consul's acquaintance during his sojourn in Italy.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Mummius was a "new man",[63] one of the class which their enemies describe as upstarts, their friends as "self-made men".

MUMMIUS

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MUMMIUS.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading Mummius was a "new man",[63] one of the class which their enemies describe as upstarts, their friends as "self-made men".

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.

obtainingverbUS /əbˈteɪnɪŋ/

-ing form of “obtain” — come into possession of

From this reading Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

operateverbUS /ˈɑːpəreɪt/

direct or control; projects, businesses, etc.

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

Polybius

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

ScipionounUS /ˈsɪpioʊ/

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC)

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

self-madeadjective

having achieved success or recognition by your own efforts

From this reading Mummius was a "new man",[63] one of the class which their enemies describe as upstarts, their friends as "self-made men".

sojournnounUS /ˈsoʊdʒərn/

a temporary stay (e.g., as a guest)

From this reading He had also the advantage of having made the consul's acquaintance during his sojourn in Italy.

sooneradverbUS /ˈsuːnər/

comparatives of “soon” or “early”

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

ThanksnounUS /θæŋks/

an acknowledgment of appreciation

From this reading Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Mummius was a "new man",[63] one of the class which their enemies describe as upstarts, their friends as "self-made men".

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Thanks to this he found no difficulty in obtaining for himself and Cleanor access to the great man.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

upstartsnounUS /əpˈstɑːrts/

plural of “upstart” — an arrogant or presumptuous person

From this reading Mummius was a "new man",[63] one of the class which their enemies describe as upstarts, their friends as "self-made men".

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Mummius was a "new man",[63] one of the class which their enemies describe as upstarts, their friends as "self-made men".

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading Scipio had furnished Polybius with a letter addressed to Mummius, who, as one of the consuls of the year, was likely, sooner or later, to take command of the forces that were to operate against Corinth.

Chapter 31 of Lords of the World by Alfred John Church holds 90 sentences, grouped into 18 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of Lords of the World contain?

Chapter 31 holds 90 sentences of Lords of the World, unabridged, divided into 18 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of Lords of the World by Alfred John Church exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 90 sentences, grouped into 18 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of Lords of the World?

Work through the 18 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 18 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Lords of the World

Common questions about reading Lords of the World by Alfred John Church on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Lords of the World?

Yes. All 4972 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #41464 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Lords of the World is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #41464, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Lords of the World take to read?

About 414 minutes of reading across 995 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Lords of the World section by section

How to work through Lords of the World section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Lords of the World

Words and structures a reader meets early in Lords of the World, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Church
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Lords of the World; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Crown
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Lords of the World; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cloth
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Lords of the World; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Elegant
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Lords of the World; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.