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Massacres of the South (1551-1815)
Massacres of the South (1551-1815)

Chapter VII

Cover illustration for Massacres of the South (1551-1815)
Context Illustration Reading 1/83 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.
A hundred and thirty-eight heads fell on the scaffold, condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of the Gard.
Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.
Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.
The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Massacres of the South (1551-1815)

Chapter VII

Reading 1/83 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.
Line 2
A hundred and thirty-eight heads fell on the scaffold, condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of the Gard.
Line 3
Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.
Line 4
Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.
Line 5
The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Being auxiliary verb US /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading “Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.”

Confidence noun US /ˈconfidence/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.”

Drew noun US /drew/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.”

Hailed noun US /hailed/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.”

Have auxiliary verb US /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading “The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.”

Looked noun US /looked/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.”

Seemed noun US /seemed/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.”

Struck noun US /struck/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.”

Therefore adverb US /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading “Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.”

Those determiner US /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading “Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.”

Towards preposition US /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading “The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.”

Without preposition US /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading “The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.”

All words in this reading · 113

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A hundred and thirty-eight heads fell on the scaffold, condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of the Gard.

absolutism

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

all

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading A hundred and thirty-eight heads fell on the scaffold, condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of the Gard.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

back

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

Bonaparte

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading A hundred and thirty-eight heads fell on the scaffold, condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of the Gard.

came

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

Catholic

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

Catholics

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

census

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

chance

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

condemned

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A hundred and thirty-eight heads fell on the scaffold, condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of the Gard.

confidencenounUS /ˈconfidence/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

Consulate

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

Continental

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

creed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

dawn

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

delight

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

desire

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

distinction

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

drewnounUS /drew/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

Empire

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

evident

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

executed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

executioners

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

fell

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A hundred and thirty-eight heads fell on the scaffold, condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of the Gard.

followed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

form

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

forty-seven

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

Gard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A hundred and thirty-eight heads fell on the scaffold, condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of the Gard.

genius

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

golden

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

government

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

hailednounUS /hailed/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

head

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

heads

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A hundred and thirty-eight heads fell on the scaffold, condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of the Gard.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

hoped

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

hundred

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A hundred and thirty-eight heads fell on the scaffold, condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of the Gard.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

impartiality

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

inclination

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

increased

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

keeping

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

lookednounUS /looked/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

lose

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

manufacturers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

more

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

most

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

mostly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

much

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

Napoleon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

Ninety-one

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading A hundred and thirty-eight heads fell on the scaffold, condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of the Gard.

perjured

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

population

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

powerful

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

preceding

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

promises

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

Protestants

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

rallied

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

revolution

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

revolutionary

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A hundred and thirty-eight heads fell on the scaffold, condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of the Gard.

richer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

round

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

said

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

scaffold

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A hundred and thirty-eight heads fell on the scaffold, condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of the Gard.

see

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

seemednounUS /seemed/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

sincerity

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

somewhat

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

stability

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

strucknounUS /struck/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

system

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

taken

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

taxation

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

Terror

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

then

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

thirty-eight

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A hundred and thirty-eight heads fell on the scaffold, condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of the Gard.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

tradesmen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

tribunal

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A hundred and thirty-eight heads fell on the scaffold, condemned by the revolutionary tribunal of the Gard.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Then came the Consulate: the Protestants being mostly tradesmen and manufacturers, were therefore richer than the Catholics, and had more to lose; they seemed to see more chance of stability in this form of government than in those preceding it, and it was evident that it had a more powerful genius at its head, so they rallied round it with confidence and sincerity.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Ninety-one of those executed were Catholic, and forty-seven Protestants, so that it looked as if the executioners in their desire for impartiality had taken a census of the population.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The Empire followed, with its inclination to absolutism, its Continental system, and its increased taxation; and the Protestants drew back somewhat, for it was towards them who had hoped so much from him that Napoleon in not keeping the promises of Bonaparte was most perjured.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading The Protestants, as we have said, hailed the golden dawn of the revolution with delight; then came the Terror, which struck at all without distinction of creed.