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Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1
Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1 is here in full — 400 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Let me apply all this to Oxford.
Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.
Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.
Wherefore, then, and to what end, are the vast systems of building, the palaces and towers of Oxford?
These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1 is here in full — 400 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/80 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Let me apply all this to Oxford.
/let miː əˈplaɪ ɔːl ðɪs tuː ˈɑːksfərd/
Line 2
Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.
Line 3
Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.
/ʌv ðiːz fɔːr ðə tuː ˈhaɪəst niːd noʊ ˈbɪldɪŋz ənd ðə ˈʌðər tuː wɪtʃ ɑːr mɪr kəˈlætərəl ˈfʌŋkʃənz ʌv kənˈviːnjəns niːd ˈoʊnli ə smɔːl wʌn/
Line 4
Wherefore, then, and to what end, are the vast systems of building, the palaces and towers of Oxford?
/werˈfɔːr ðen ənd tuː wʌt end ɑːr ðə væst ˈsɪstəmz ʌv ˈbɪldɪŋ ðə ˈpæləsəz ənd ˈtaʊərz ʌv ˈɑːksfərd/
Line 5
These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

attainment noun US /əˈteɪnmənt/

the act of achieving an aim

From this reading “These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.”

badges noun US /ˈbædʒɪz/

plural of “badge” — an emblem (a small piece of plastic or cloth or metal) that signifies your status (rank or membership or affiliation etc.)

From this reading “These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.”

collateral adjective US /kəˈlætərəl/

descended from a common ancestor but through different lines

From this reading “Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.”

founders noun US /ˈfaʊndərz/

plural of “founder” — inflammation of the laminated tissue that attaches the hoof to the foot of a horse

From this reading “Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.”

implements noun US /ˈɪmpləmənts/

plural of “implement” — instrumentation (a piece of equipment or tool) used to effect an end

From this reading “Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.”

learners noun US /ˈlɜːrnərz/

plural of “learner” — someone (especially a child) who learns (as from a teacher) or takes up knowledge or beliefs

From this reading “Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.”

ostentation noun US /ˌɔːstenˈteɪʃən/

a gaudy outward display

From this reading “These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.”

universities noun US /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsətiz/

plural of “university” — the body of faculty and students at a university

From this reading “Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.”

All words in this reading · 91

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1st

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

2

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

3

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

4th

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

absolutelyadverbUS /ˌæbsəˈluːtli/

completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

accessaries

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Let me apply all this to Oxford.

altogetheradverbUS /ˌɔːltəˈɡeðər/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

AmongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

applicationnounUS /ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən/

the act of bringing something to bear; using it for a particular purpose

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

applyverbUS /əˈplaɪ/

put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose

From this reading Let me apply all this to Oxford.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

attainmentnounUS /əˈteɪnmənt/

the act of achieving an aim

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

attainments

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

badgesnounUS /ˈbædʒɪz/

plural of “badge” — an emblem (a small piece of plastic or cloth or metal) that signifies your status (rank or membership or affiliation etc.)

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

beyondprepositionUS /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

buildingnounUS /ˈbɪldɪŋ/

a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place

From this reading Wherefore, then, and to what end, are the vast systems of building, the palaces and towers of Oxford?

buildingsnounUS /ˈbɪldɪŋz/

plural of “building” — a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place

From this reading Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

chimerically

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

collateraladjectiveUS /kəˈlætərəl/

descended from a common ancestor but through different lines

From this reading Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.

commonlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːmənli/

under normal conditions

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

contemplatedverbUS /ˈkɑːntəmpleɪtɪd/

past form of “contemplate” — look at thoughtfully; observe deep in thought

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

conveniencenounUS /kənˈviːnjəns/

the state of being suitable or opportune

From this reading Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.

dnounUS /diː/

a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading Wherefore, then, and to what end, are the vast systems of building, the palaces and towers of Oxford?

fifthnounUS /fɪfθ/

a quantity of liquor equal to one fifth of a United States gallon

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

foundersnounUS /ˈfaʊndərz/

plural of “founder” — inflammation of the laminated tissue that attaches the hoof to the foot of a horse

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

functionnounUS /ˈfʌŋkʃən/

(mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function)

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

functionsnounUS /ˈfʌŋkʃənz/

plural of “function” — (mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function)

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

hallsnounUS /hɔːlz/

plural of “hall” — an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

highestadjectiveUS /ˈhaɪəst/

superlative of “high” — greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.

implementsnounUS /ˈɪmpləmənts/

plural of “implement” — instrumentation (a piece of equipment or tool) used to effect an end

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

learnersnounUS /ˈlɜːrnərz/

plural of “learner” — someone (especially a child) who learns (as from a teacher) or takes up knowledge or beliefs

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

Letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading Let me apply all this to Oxford.

luxuriousadjectiveUS /ləɡˈʒɜːriəs/

displaying luxury and furnishing gratification to the senses

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Let me apply all this to Oxford.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

meetingnounUS /ˈmiːtɪŋ/

a formally arranged gathering

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

mereadjectiveUS /mɪr/

being nothing more than specified

From this reading Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

neednounUS /niːd/

a condition requiring relief

From this reading Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

ostentationnounUS /ˌɔːstenˈteɪʃən/

a gaudy outward display

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.

OxfordnounUS /ˈɑːksfərd/

a city in southern England to the northwest of London; site of Oxford University

From this reading Let me apply all this to Oxford.

palacesnounUS /ˈpæləsəz/

plural of “palace” — a large and stately mansion

From this reading Wherefore, then, and to what end, are the vast systems of building, the palaces and towers of Oxford?

placesnounUS /ˈpleɪsəz/

plural of “place” — a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

profitableadjectiveUS /ˈprɑːfətəbəl/

yielding material gain or profit

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

recognizedadjectiveUS /ˈrekəɡnaɪzd/

generally approved or compelling recognition

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

secureverbUS /sɪˈkjʊr/

get by special effort

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

servicenounUS /ˈsɜːrvəs/

work done by one person or group that benefits another

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

studynounUS /ˈstʌdi/

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

successionnounUS /səkˈseʃən/

a following of one thing after another in time

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

superfluousadjectiveUS /ˈsuːpərflwʌs/

serving no useful purpose; having no excuse for being

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

systemsnounUS /ˈsɪstəmz/

plural of “system” — instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity

From this reading Wherefore, then, and to what end, are the vast systems of building, the palaces and towers of Oxford?

teachersnounUS /ˈtiːtʃərz/

plural of “teacher” — a person whose occupation is teaching

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Wherefore, then, and to what end, are the vast systems of building, the palaces and towers of Oxford?

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Let me apply all this to Oxford.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Let me apply all this to Oxford.

towersnounUS /ˈtaʊərz/

plural of “tower” — a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building

From this reading Wherefore, then, and to what end, are the vast systems of building, the palaces and towers of Oxford?

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Of these four, the two highest need no buildings; and the other two, which are mere collateral functions of convenience, need only a small one.

universitiesnounUS /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsətiz/

plural of “university” — the body of faculty and students at a university

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

vastadjectiveUS /væst/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading Wherefore, then, and to what end, are the vast systems of building, the palaces and towers of Oxford?

wealthnounUS /welθ/

the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money

From this reading These are either altogether superfluous, mere badges of ostentation and luxurious wealth, or they point to some fifth function not so much as contemplated by other universities, and, at present, absolutely and chimerically beyond their means of attainment.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Wherefore, then, and to what end, are the vast systems of building, the palaces and towers of Oxford?

WhereforeadverbUS /werˈfɔːr/

an old word meaning “why” or “for that reason”

From this reading Wherefore, then, and to what end, are the vast systems of building, the palaces and towers of Oxford?

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Among the four functions commonly recognized by the founders of universities, which are--1st, to find a set of halls or places of meeting; 2d, to find the implements and accessaries of study; 3d, to secure the succession of teachers and learners; 4th, to secure the profitable application of their attainments to the public service.

Chapter 4 of Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1 by Thomas De Quincey holds 400 sentences, grouped into 80 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1 contain?

Chapter 4 holds 400 sentences of Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1, unabridged, divided into 80 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1 by Thomas De Quincey exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 400 sentences, grouped into 80 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1?

Work through the 80 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 80 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1

Common questions about reading Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1 by Thomas De Quincey on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1?

Yes. All 2812 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #6169 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #6169, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1 take to read?

About 234 minutes of reading across 563 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1 section by section

How to work through Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1

Words and structures a reader meets early in Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Soulard
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Charles
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Franks
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Memorials
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Memorials and Other Papers — Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.