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Memories and Studies
Memories and Studies

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of Memories and Studies is here in full — 467 sentences across 94 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/93 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.
It makes a much less gaudy and chromatic picture, but what there is of it is exact.
Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.
A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.
Over all his special laws of evolution there reigns an absolutely general law, that of the "persistence of force."
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Memories and Studies

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of Memories and Studies is here in full — 467 sentences across 94 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/93 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.
Line 2
It makes a much less gaudy and chromatic picture, but what there is of it is exact.
Line 3
Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.
Line 4
A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.
/ə wɜːrd əˈbaʊt ˈspensərz kənˈsepʃən ʌv fɔːrs ˌhaʊˈevər ˌɪnˈsɪsts ɑːn ˈbiːɪŋ ˈædəd fɔːr ˌɔːlˈðoʊ ɪt ɪz wʌn ʌv hɪz moʊst eˈsenʃəl ɪt ɪz wʌn ʌv hɪz ˈveɪɡɪst aɪˈdiːəz/
Line 5
Over all his special laws of evolution there reigns an absolutely general law, that of the "persistence of force."
/ˈoʊvər ɔːl hɪz ˈspeʃəl lɔːz ʌv ˌevəˈluːʃən ðer reɪnz æn ˌæbsəˈluːtli ˈdʒenərəl lɔː ðæt ʌv ðə pərˈsɪstəns ʌv fɔːrs/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

accumulate verb US /əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/

get or gather together

From this reading “This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.”

criticisms noun US /ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəmz/

plural of “criticism” — disapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings

From this reading “Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.”

distill verb US /dɪˈstɪl/

remove impurities from, increase the concentration of, and separate through the process of distillation

From this reading “This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.”

organic adjective US /ɔːrˈɡænɪk/

relating or belonging to the class of chemical compounds having a carbon basis

From this reading “This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.”

reigns noun US /reɪnz/

plural of “reign” — a period during which something or somebody is dominant or powerful

From this reading “Over all his special laws of evolution there reigns an absolutely general law, that of the "persistence of force."”

Spencer's noun US /ˈspensərz/

possessive form of “spencer” — English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

From this reading “This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.”

unwieldy adjective US /ənˈwiːldi/

difficult to use or handle or manage because of size or weight or shape

From this reading “This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.”

vaguest adjective US /ˈveɪɡɪst/

superlative of “vague” — not clearly expressed or understood

From this reading “A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.”

All words in this reading · 79

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It makes a much less gaudy and chromatic picture, but what there is of it is exact.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

absolutelyadverbUS /ˌæbsəˈluːtli/

completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

accountnounUS /əˈkaʊnt/

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

accumulateverbUS /əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/

get or gather together

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

addedverbUS /ˈædəd/

past form of “add” — make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

althoughconjunctionUS /ˌɔːlˈðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It makes a much less gaudy and chromatic picture, but what there is of it is exact.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading It makes a much less gaudy and chromatic picture, but what there is of it is exact.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

chromaticadjective

able to refract light without spectral color separation

From this reading It makes a much less gaudy and chromatic picture, but what there is of it is exact.

conceptionnounUS /kənˈsepʃən/

an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

CountlessadjectiveUS /ˈkaʊntləs/

too numerous to be counted

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

criticismsnounUS /ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəmz/

plural of “criticism” — disapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

distillverbUS /dɪˈstɪl/

remove impurities from, increase the concentration of, and separate through the process of distillation

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

essentialadjectiveUS /eˈsenʃəl/

absolutely necessary; vitally necessary

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

evolutionnounUS /ˌevəˈluːʃən/

a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

exactadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzækt/

Strictly particular and correct.

From this reading It makes a much less gaudy and chromatic picture, but what there is of it is exact.

expressverbUS /ɪkˈspres/

give expression to

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

ForcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

formedadjectiveUS /fɔːrmd/

having or given a form or shape

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

gaudyadjectiveUS /ˈɡɔːdi/

tastelessly showy

From this reading It makes a much less gaudy and chromatic picture, but what there is of it is exact.

generaladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading Over all his special laws of evolution there reigns an absolutely general law, that of the "persistence of force."

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

heartnounUS /hɑːrt/

the locus of feelings and intuitions

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

ideasnounUS /aɪˈdiːəz/

plural of “idea” — the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

insistsverbUS /ˌɪnˈsɪsts/

third-person singular of “insist” — be emphatic or resolute and refuse to budge

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It makes a much less gaudy and chromatic picture, but what there is of it is exact.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading Over all his special laws of evolution there reigns an absolutely general law, that of the "persistence of force."

lawsnounUS /lɔːz/

the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

From this reading Over all his special laws of evolution there reigns an absolutely general law, that of the "persistence of force."

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading It makes a much less gaudy and chromatic picture, but what there is of it is exact.

makesnounUS /meɪks/

plural of “make” — a recognizable kind

From this reading It makes a much less gaudy and chromatic picture, but what there is of it is exact.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading It makes a much less gaudy and chromatic picture, but what there is of it is exact.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

occupationnounUS /ˌɑːkjəˈpeɪʃən/

the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

organicadjectiveUS /ɔːrˈɡænɪk/

relating or belonging to the class of chemical compounds having a carbon basis

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

OverprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Over all his special laws of evolution there reigns an absolutely general law, that of the "persistence of force."

pennounUS /pen/

a writing implement with a point from which ink flows

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

persistencenounUS /pərˈsɪstəns/

the property of a continuous and connected period of time

From this reading Over all his special laws of evolution there reigns an absolutely general law, that of the "persistence of force."

picturenounUS /ˈpɪktʃər/

a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface

From this reading It makes a much less gaudy and chromatic picture, but what there is of it is exact.

reignsnounUS /reɪnz/

plural of “reign” — a period during which something or somebody is dominant or powerful

From this reading Over all his special laws of evolution there reigns an absolutely general law, that of the "persistence of force."

sorryadjectiveUS /ˈsɑːri/

feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

specialadjectiveUS /ˈspeʃəl/

unique or specific to a person or thing or category

From this reading Over all his special laws of evolution there reigns an absolutely general law, that of the "persistence of force."

Spencer'snounUS /ˈspensərz/

possessive form of “spencer” — English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

swarmnounUS /swɔːrm/

a moving crowd

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

tendencynounUS /ˈtendənsi/

an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Over all his special laws of evolution there reigns an absolutely general law, that of the "persistence of force."

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading It makes a much less gaudy and chromatic picture, but what there is of it is exact.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

towardprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrd/

in the direction of

From this reading Countless other criticisms swarm toward my pen, but I have no heart to express them,--it is too sorry an occupation.

truthnounUS /truːθ/

a fact that has been verified

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

unities

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

unwieldyadjectiveUS /ənˈwiːldi/

difficult to use or handle or manage because of size or weight or shape

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

vaguestadjectiveUS /ˈveɪɡɪst/

superlative of “vague” — not clearly expressed or understood

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading It makes a much less gaudy and chromatic picture, but what there is of it is exact.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading This tendency of organic unities to accumulate when once they are formed is absolutely all the truth I can distill from Spencer's unwieldy account of evolution.

wordnounUS /wɜːrd/

a unit of language that native speakers can identify

From this reading A word about Spencer's conception of "Force," however, insists on being added; for although it is one of his most essential, it is one of his vaguest ideas.

Chapter 3 of Memories and Studies by William James holds 467 sentences, grouped into 94 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Memories and Studies contain?

Chapter 3 holds 467 sentences of Memories and Studies, unabridged, divided into 94 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Memories and Studies by William James exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 467 sentences, grouped into 94 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Memories and Studies?

Work through the 94 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 94 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Memories and Studies

Common questions about reading Memories and Studies by William James on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Memories and Studies?

Yes. All 2748 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #20768 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Memories and Studies is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #20768, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Memories and Studies take to read?

About 229 minutes of reading across 550 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Memories and Studies section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in Memories and Studies

Words and structures a reader meets early in Memories and Studies, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Longmans
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Memories and Studies; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Green
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Memories and Studies; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fourth
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Memories and Studies; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Avenue
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Memories and Studies; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.