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Mistress Penwick
Mistress Penwick

Chapter XIII · Chapter 13

Chapter 13 of Mistress Penwick is here in full — 173 sentences across 35 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/34 · 5 lines
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SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.
It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.
Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.
Hobbism soon became an almost essential part of the character of the fine gentleman.
All the lighter kinds of literature were deeply tainted by the prevailing licentiousness.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Mistress Penwick

Chapter XIII · Chapter 13

Chapter 13 of Mistress Penwick is here in full — 173 sentences across 35 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/34 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.
Line 2
It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.
Line 3
Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.
/ˈθaʊzəndz huː wɜːr ˌɪnˈkɑːmpətənt tuː əˈpriːʃieɪt wʌt wɑːz ˈrɪli ˈvæljəbəl ɪn hɪz ˌspekjəˈleɪʃənz ˈiːɡərli ˈwelkəmd ə ˈθɪri wɪtʃ waɪl ɪt ɪɡˈzɔːltɪd ðə ˈkɪŋli ˈɔːfɪs rɪˈlækst ðə ˌɑːbləˈɡeɪʃənz ʌv mərˈæləti ənd dɪˈɡreɪdəd rɪˈlɪdʒən ˈɪntuː ə mɪr əˈfer ʌv steɪt/
Line 4
Hobbism soon became an almost essential part of the character of the fine gentleman.
Line 5
All the lighter kinds of literature were deeply tainted by the prevailing licentiousness.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

engendered verb US /enˈdʒendərd/

past form of “engender” — call forth

From this reading “SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.”

Hobbes noun US /ˈhɑːbiz/

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

From this reading “It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.”

impregnated verb US /ˌɪmˈpreɡneɪtəd/

past form of “impregnate” — fill, as with a certain quality

From this reading “SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.”

incompetent noun US /ˌɪnˈkɑːmpətənt/

someone who is not competent to take effective action

From this reading “Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.”

kingly adjective US /ˈkɪŋli/

having the rank of or resembling or befitting a king

From this reading “Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.”

metaphysical adjective US /ˌmetəˈfɪzɪkəl/

pertaining to or of the nature of metaphysics

From this reading “It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.”

Paganism noun US /ˈpeɪɡənɪzəm/

any of various religions other than Christianity or Judaism or Islamism

From this reading “It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.”

tainted adjective US /ˈteɪntɪd/

touched by rot or decay

From this reading “All the lighter kinds of literature were deeply tainted by the prevailing licentiousness.”

All words in this reading · 111

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

affairnounUS /əˈfer/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading All the lighter kinds of literature were deeply tainted by the prevailing licentiousness.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading Hobbism soon became an almost essential part of the character of the fine gentleman.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Hobbism soon became an almost essential part of the character of the fine gentleman.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

appreciateverbUS /əˈpriːʃieɪt/

recognize with gratitude; be grateful for

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

atmospherenounUS /ˈætməsfɪr/

a particular environment or surrounding influence

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

becameverbUS /bɪˈkeɪm/

inflected form of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading Hobbism soon became an almost essential part of the character of the fine gentleman.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading Hobbism soon became an almost essential part of the character of the fine gentleman.

CharlesnounUS /tʃɑːrlz/

King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis (1550-1574)

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

commandnounUS /kəˈmænd/

an authoritative direction or instruction to do something

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

deeplyadverbUS /ˈdiːpli/

to a great depth psychologically or emotionally

From this reading All the lighter kinds of literature were deeply tainted by the prevailing licentiousness.

degradedadjectiveUS /dɪˈɡreɪdəd/

unrestrained by convention or morality

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

eagerlyadverbUS /ˈiːɡərli/

with eagerness; in an eager manner

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

easyadjectiveUS /ˈiːzi/

posing no difficulty; requiring little effort

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

employedadjectiveUS /emˈplɔɪd/

having your services engaged for; or having a job especially one that pays wages or a salary

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

engenderedverbUS /enˈdʒendərd/

past form of “engender” — call forth

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

essentialadjectiveUS /eˈsenʃəl/

absolutely necessary; vitally necessary

From this reading Hobbism soon became an almost essential part of the character of the fine gentleman.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

exaltedadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzɔːltɪd/

of high moral or intellectual value; elevated in nature or style

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

fineadjectiveUS /faɪn/

being satisfactory or in satisfactory condition

From this reading Hobbism soon became an almost essential part of the character of the fine gentleman.

freeverbUS /friː/

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

gentlemannounUS /ˈdʒentəlmən/

a man of refinement

From this reading Hobbism soon became an almost essential part of the character of the fine gentleman.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

historiannounUS /hɪˈstɔːriən/

a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

HobbesnounUS /ˈhɑːbiz/

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

Hobbism

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hobbism soon became an almost essential part of the character of the fine gentleman.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

impregnatedverbUS /ˌɪmˈpreɡneɪtəd/

past form of “impregnate” — fill, as with a certain quality

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

incompetentnounUS /ˌɪnˈkɑːmpətənt/

someone who is not competent to take effective action

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

kindsnounUS /kaɪndz/

plural of “kind” — a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading All the lighter kinds of literature were deeply tainted by the prevailing licentiousness.

kinglyadjectiveUS /ˈkɪŋli/

having the rank of or resembling or befitting a king

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

languagenounUS /ˈlæŋɡwədʒ/

a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

lewdnessnoun

the trait of behaving in an obscene manner

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

licentiousnessnoun

the quality of being lewd and lascivious

From this reading All the lighter kinds of literature were deeply tainted by the prevailing licentiousness.

lighternounUS /ˈlaɪtər/

a substance used to ignite or kindle a fire

From this reading All the lighter kinds of literature were deeply tainted by the prevailing licentiousness.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading All the lighter kinds of literature were deeply tainted by the prevailing licentiousness.

luminousadjectiveUS /ˈluːmənəs/

softly bright or radiant

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

Mahometanism

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

maintainedadjectiveUS /meɪnˈteɪnd/

kept in good condition

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

mereadjectiveUS /mɪr/

being nothing more than specified

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

metaphysicaladjectiveUS /ˌmetəˈfɪzɪkəl/

pertaining to or of the nature of metaphysics

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

moraladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrəl/

concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

moralitynounUS /mərˈæləti/

concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong; right or good conduct

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

NEWadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

obligationsnounUS /ˌɑːbləˈɡeɪʃənz/

plural of “obligation” — the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

officenounUS /ˈɔːfɪs/

place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

OLDadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

oughtmodal verbUS /ɔːt/

used with “to” to say what is right or advisable

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

PaganismnounUS /ˈpeɪɡənɪzəm/

any of various religions other than Christianity or Judaism or Islamism

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading Hobbism soon became an almost essential part of the character of the fine gentleman.

Poperynoun

offensive terms for the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

preciseadjectiveUS /prɪˈsaɪs/

sharply exact or accurate or delimited

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

prevailingadjectiveUS /prɪˈveɪlɪŋ/

most frequent or common

From this reading All the lighter kinds of literature were deeply tainted by the prevailing licentiousness.

princenounUS /prɪns/

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

productnounUS /ˈprɑːdəkt/

commodities offered for sale

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

professverbUS /prəˈfes/

practice as a profession, teach, or claim to be knowledgeable about

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

readyadjectiveUS /ˈredi/

completely prepared or in condition for immediate action or use or progress

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

reallyadverbUS /ˈrɪli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

reignverbUS /reɪn/

have sovereign power

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

relaxedadjectiveUS /rɪˈlækst/

without strain or anxiety

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

religionnounUS /rɪˈlɪdʒən/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

royaladjectiveUS /ˈrɔɪəl/

of or relating to or indicative of or issued or performed by a king or queen or other monarch

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

SecondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

SERMONSnounUS /ˈsɜːrmənz/

plural of “sermon” — an address of a religious nature (usually delivered during a church service)

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading Hobbism soon became an almost essential part of the character of the fine gentleman.

speculationsnounUS /ˌspekjəˈleɪʃənz/

plural of “speculation” — a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

standardadjectiveUS /ˈstændərd/

conforming to or constituting a standard of measurement or value; or of the usual or regularized or accepted kind

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

statenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

taintedadjectiveUS /ˈteɪntɪd/

touched by rot or decay

From this reading All the lighter kinds of literature were deeply tainted by the prevailing licentiousness.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

theorynounUS /ˈθɪri/

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

ThomasnounUS /ˈtɑːməs/

United States clockmaker who introduced mass production (1785-1859)

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

ThousandsnounUS /ˈθaʊzəndz/

plural of “thousand” — the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

valuableadjectiveUS /ˈvæljəbəl/

having great material or monetary value especially for use or exchange

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

welcomedverbUS /ˈwelkəmd/

past form of “welcome” — accept gladly

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Thousands who were incompetent to appreciate what was really valuable in his speculations eagerly welcomed a theory which, while it exalted the kingly office, relaxed the obligations of morality and degraded religion into a mere affair of state.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading SERMONS NEW AND OLD "The reign of Charles the Second seemed to be impregnated with a free and easy moral atmosphere that engendered lewdness in human product.

writernounUS /ˈraɪtər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

wrongadjectiveUS /rɔːŋ/

not correct; not in conformity with fact or truth

From this reading It is said by a great historian that Thomas Hobbes had, in language more precise and luminous than has ever been employed by any other metaphysical writer, maintained that the will of the prince was the standard of right and wrong, and that every subject ought to be ready to profess Popery, Mahometanism, or Paganism, at the royal command.

Chapter 13 of Mistress Penwick by Dutton Payne holds 173 sentences, grouped into 35 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 13 of Mistress Penwick contain?

Chapter 13 holds 173 sentences of Mistress Penwick, unabridged, divided into 35 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 13 of Mistress Penwick by Dutton Payne exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 173 sentences, grouped into 35 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 13 of Mistress Penwick?

Work through the 35 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 35 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 13 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 13 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Mistress Penwick

Common questions about reading Mistress Penwick by Dutton Payne on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Mistress Penwick?

Yes. All 4267 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12256 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Mistress Penwick is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12256, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Mistress Penwick take to read?

About 355 minutes of reading across 854 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Mistress Penwick section by section

How to work through Mistress Penwick section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 24 chapters of Mistress Penwick to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Mistress Penwick

Words and structures a reader meets early in Mistress Penwick, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Adieux
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Mistress Penwick; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Night
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Mistress Penwick; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Carrying
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Mistress Penwick; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Large
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Mistress Penwick; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.