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Modern literature: a novel, Volume 1 (of 3)
Modern literature: a novel, Volume 1 (of 3)

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Modern literature: a novel, Volume 1 (of 3) is here in full — 208 sentences across 42 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Modern literature: a novel, Volume 1 (of 3)
Context Illustration Reading 1/41 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.
He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.
The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.
The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.
He now set out for London, where his father had intended he should be brought up to the law.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Modern literature: a novel, Volume 1 (of 3)

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Modern literature: a novel, Volume 1 (of 3) is here in full — 208 sentences across 42 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/41 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.
/bɪˈfɔːr ɔːl ðiːz əˈferz wɜːr brɔːt tuː ðə kloʊs wɪtʃ wiː hæv rəˈkɔːrdɪd ˈaʊər ˈhɪroʊ wɑːz rɪˈtɜːrnd tuː ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ tuː priˈper fɔːr hɪz ˈensuːɪŋ ˌɡrædʒuːˈeɪʃən/
Line 2
He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.
Line 3
The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.
Line 4
The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.
/ðə ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt ˈpɪriəd ərˈaɪvd hiː stʊd ðə ˈveriəs ˈkɑːntests ənd əˈteɪnd ðə ˈɑːnər ʌv ˈsiːnjər ˈræŋɡələr ðə ˈhaɪəst ðæt ə ˈbætʃələr ʌv ɑːrts kæn riːtʃ ənd wɑːz ˈdʒenərəli ɪˈstiːmd wʌn ʌv ðə ˈeɪbəlst ənd moʊst ˈprɑːməsɪŋ jʌŋ men ðæt ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ hæd reɪzd fɔːr ˈmeni jɪrz/
Line 5
He now set out for London, where his father had intended he should be brought up to the law.
/hiː naʊ set aʊt fɔːr ˈlʌndən wer hɪz ˈfɑːðər hæd ˌɪnˈtendɪd hiː ʃʊd biː brɔːt ʌp tuː ðə lɔː/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

ablest adjective US /ˈeɪbəlst/

superlative of “able” — (usually followed by “to”) having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something

From this reading “The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.”

atonement noun US /əˈtoʊnmənt/

compensation for a wrong

From this reading “The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.”

contests noun US /ˈkɑːntests/

plural of “contest” — an occasion on which a winner is selected from among two or more contestants

From this reading “The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.”

ensuing adjective US /ˈensuːɪŋ/

following immediately and as a result of what went before

From this reading “BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.”

graduation noun US /ˌɡrædʒuːˈeɪʃən/

the successful completion of a program of study

From this reading “BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.”

mathematical adjective US /ˌmæθəˈmætɪkəl/

of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics

From this reading “He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.”

revision noun US /riˈvɪʒən/

the act of revising or altering (involving reconsideration and modification)

From this reading “The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.”

wrangler noun US /ˈræŋɡələr/

someone who argues noisily or angrily

From this reading “The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

many years adjective + noun

In this reading “The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.”

most promising adverb + adjective

In this reading “The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.”

young men adjective + noun

In this reading “The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.”

set out verb + adjective

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

In this reading “He now set out for London, where his father had intended he should be brought up to the law.”

prepare for verb + particle

prepare mentally or emotionally for something unpleasant

In this reading “BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.”

brought up verb + adjective counted as “bring up”

summon into action or bring into existence, often as if by magic

In this reading “He now set out for London, where his father had intended he should be brought up to the law.”

make any verb + adjective

In this reading “The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.”

All words in this reading · 104

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

ablestadjectiveUS /ˈeɪbəlst/

superlative of “able” — (usually followed by “to”) having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

affairsnounUS /əˈferz/

matters of personal concern

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

applicationnounUS /ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən/

the act of bringing something to bear; using it for a particular purpose

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

arrivedverbUS /ərˈaɪvd/

past form of “arrive” — reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

artsnounUS /ɑːrts/

studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills)

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

atonementnounUS /əˈtoʊnmənt/

compensation for a wrong

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

attainedadjectiveUS /əˈteɪnd/

achieved or reached

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

bachelornounUS /ˈbætʃələr/

a man who has never been married

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading He now set out for London, where his father had intended he should be brought up to the law.

BEFOREprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

CambridgenounUS /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/

a university in England

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

closeadjectiveUS /kloʊs/

at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

Collings

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

contestsnounUS /ˈkɑːntests/

plural of “contest” — an occasion on which a winner is selected from among two or more contestants

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

desponding

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

ensuingadjectiveUS /ˈensuːɪŋ/

following immediately and as a result of what went before

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

esteemedadjectiveUS /ɪˈstiːmd/

having an illustrious reputation; respected

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

exertionnounUS /ɪɡˈzɜːrʃən/

use of physical or mental energy; hard work

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

facultiesnounUS /ˈfækəltiz/

plural of “faculty” — one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading He now set out for London, where his father had intended he should be brought up to the law.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

formeradjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmər/

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

graduationnounUS /ˌɡrædʒuːˈeɪʃən/

the successful completion of a program of study

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

helpverbUS /help/

give help or assistance; be of service

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

heronounUS /ˈhɪroʊ/

a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

highestadjectiveUS /ˈhaɪəst/

superlative of “high” — greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

honournounUS /ˈɑːnər/

the state of being honored

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

importantadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt/

of great significance or value

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

intendedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtendɪd/

resulting from one's intentions

From this reading He now set out for London, where his father had intended he should be brought up to the law.

intenseness

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

IsaacnounUS /ˈaɪzək/

(Old Testament) the second patriarch; son of Abraham and Sarah who was offered by Abraham as a sacrifice to God; father of Jacob and Esau

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

JennynounUS /ˈdʒeni/

United States architect who designed the first skyscraper in which a metal skeleton was used (1832-1907)

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading He now set out for London, where his father had intended he should be brought up to the law.

LondonnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading He now set out for London, where his father had intended he should be brought up to the law.

Maclaurin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

mathematicaladjectiveUS /ˌmæθəˈmætɪkəl/

of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

NewtonnounUS /ˈnuːtən/

English mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion (1642-1727)

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading He now set out for London, where his father had intended he should be brought up to the law.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

prepareverbUS /priˈper/

make ready or suitable or equip in advance for a particular purpose or for some use, event, etc

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

promisingadjectiveUS /ˈprɑːməsɪŋ/

showing possibility of achievement or excellence

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

raisedadjectiveUS /reɪzd/

located or moved above the surround or above the normal position

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

reachverbUS /riːtʃ/

reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

recordedadjectiveUS /rəˈkɔːrdɪd/

set down or registered in a permanent form especially on film or tape for reproduction

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

reflectingadjectiveUS /rɪˈflektɪŋ/

causing reflection or having a device that reflects

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

regretverbUS /rəˈɡret/

feel remorse for; feel sorry for; be contrite about

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

renderedverbUS /ˈrendərd/

past form of “render” — cause to become

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

renewedadjectiveUS /rɪˈnuːd/

restored to a new condition

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

returnedverbUS /rɪˈtɜːrnd/

past form of “return” — go or come back to place, condition, or activity where one has been before

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

revisionnounUS /riˈvɪʒən/

the act of revising or altering (involving reconsideration and modification)

From this reading The exertion of his faculties, however, and not desponding regret, were the means by which he could make any atonement.--The intenseness of his former application had now rendered only revision necessary.

senioradjectiveUS /ˈsiːnjər/

older; higher in rank; longer in length of tenure or service

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading He now set out for London, where his father had intended he should be brought up to the law.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading He now set out for London, where his father had intended he should be brought up to the law.

SirnounUS /sɜːr/

term of address for a man

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

sometimesadverbUS /səmˈtaɪmz/

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

studiesnounUS /ˈstʌdiz/

plural of “study” — a detailed critical inspection

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading He renewed his mathematical studies, but sometimes could not help reflecting on poor Jenny Collings more than either Sir Isaac Newton or Maclaurin.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading He now set out for London, where his father had intended he should be brought up to the law.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading He now set out for London, where his father had intended he should be brought up to the law.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading BEFORE all these affairs were brought to the close which we have recorded, our hero was returned to Cambridge, to prepare for his ensuing graduation.

wranglernounUS /ˈræŋɡələr/

someone who argues noisily or angrily

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading The important period arrived, he stood the various contests, and attained the honour of senior wrangler, the highest that a bachelor of arts can reach, and was generally esteemed one of the ablest and most promising young men that Cambridge had raised for many years.

Chapter 8 of Modern literature: a novel, Volume 1 (of 3) by Robert Bisset holds 208 sentences, grouped into 42 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Modern literature: a novel, Volume 1 (of 3) contain?

Chapter 8 holds 208 sentences of Modern literature: a novel, Volume 1 (of 3), unabridged, divided into 42 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Modern literature: a novel, Volume 1 (of 3) by Robert Bisset exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 208 sentences, grouped into 42 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

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Work through the 42 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

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Chapter 3
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