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Moscow
Moscow

Chapter XIII

Chapter 13 of Moscow is here in full — 100 sentences across 20 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/20 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The beginning of the war dragged.
There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.
By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.
In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.
The manifesto was as follows:-- "TO OUR ANCIENT CITY AND METROPOLIS OF MOSCOW:
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Moscow

Chapter XIII

Chapter 13 of Moscow is here in full — 100 sentences across 20 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/20 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The beginning of the war dragged.
/ðə bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ ʌv ðə wɔːr dræɡd/
Line 2
There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.
/ðer wɑːz ˈlɪtəl ˈfaɪtɪŋ fɔːr ðə ˈrʌʃən ˈdʒenərəlz əˈdɑːptɪd ðə ˈpɑːləsi ʌv rɪˈtaɪrɪŋ ˈkɑːnstəntli bɪˈfɔːr ðə ˈenəmiz ədˈvæns əˈperəntli əˈfreɪd tuː stænd ðer ɡraʊnd bʌt ˈæktʃuːəli ˈlʊrɪŋ hɪm ˌɪnˈtenʃənəli ˈɔːnwərd ˈdiːpər ənd ˈdiːpər ˈɪntuː ðə ˌɪˈmens ˈspeɪsəz ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈtɪriər/
Line 3
By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.
/baɪ ðiːz ˈtæktɪks ə ˈkɑːnstəntli dɪˈmɪnɪʃɪŋ frentʃ fɔːrs əˈpoʊzd ə ˈrʌʃən ˈɑːrmi huːz ˈnʌmbərz ɑːɡˈmentɪd ˈdeɪli ɪn spaɪt ʌv ðə ˈliːkədʒ rɪˈzʌltɪŋ frʌm ˈɪlnəs ənd smɔːl enˈɡeɪdʒmənts/
Line 4
In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.
Line 5
The manifesto was as follows:-- "TO OUR ANCIENT CITY AND METROPOLIS OF MOSCOW:
/ðə ˌmænəˈfestoʊ wɑːz æz ˈfɑːloʊz tuː ˈaʊər ˈeɪn.ʃənt ˈsɪti ənd məˈtrɑːpələs ʌv ˈmɑːskoʊ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

augmented adjective US /ɑːɡˈmentɪd/

added to or made greater in amount or number or strength

From this reading “By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.”

diminishing adjective US /dɪˈmɪnɪʃɪŋ/

becoming smaller or less or appearing to do so

From this reading “By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.”

incapacitated adjective US /ˌɪnkəˈpæsɪteɪtɪd/

lacking in or deprived of strength or power

From this reading “In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.”

intentionally adverb US /ˌɪnˈtenʃənəli/

with intention; in an intentional manner

From this reading “There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.”

leakage noun US /ˈliːkədʒ/

the discharge of a fluid from some container

From this reading “By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.”

luring verb US /ˈlʊrɪŋ/

-ing form of “lure” — provoke someone to do something through (often false or exaggerated) promises or persuasion

From this reading “There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.”

manifesto noun US /ˌmænəˈfestoʊ/

a public declaration of intentions (as issued by a political party or government)

From this reading “In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.”

Tsar noun US /zɑːr/

a male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917)

From this reading “In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

active service adjective + noun

In this reading “In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.”

in spite preposition + noun

In this reading “By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.”

ANCIENT CITY adjective + noun

In this reading “The manifesto was as follows:-- "TO OUR ANCIENT CITY AND METROPOLIS OF MOSCOW:”

left arm noun + noun

In this reading “In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.”

All words in this reading · 94

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

activeadjectiveUS /ˈæktɪv/

tending to become more severe or wider in scope

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

actuallyadverbUS /ˈæktʃuːəli/

in actual fact

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

adoptedadjectiveUS /əˈdɑːptɪd/

acquired as your own by free choice

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

advanceverbUS /ədˈvæns/

move forward, also in the metaphorical sense

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

afraidadjectiveUS /əˈfreɪd/

filled with fear or apprehension

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

ANCIENTadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading The manifesto was as follows:-- "TO OUR ANCIENT CITY AND METROPOLIS OF MOSCOW:

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

apparentlyadverbUS /əˈperəntli/

from appearances alone

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

armnounUS /ɑːrm/

a human limb; technically the part of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow but commonly used to refer to the whole superior limb

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The manifesto was as follows:-- "TO OUR ANCIENT CITY AND METROPOLIS OF MOSCOW:

augmentedadjectiveUS /ɑːɡˈmentɪd/

added to or made greater in amount or number or strength

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

battlesnounUS /ˈbætəlz/

plural of “battle” — a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading The beginning of the war dragged.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

bulletnounUS /ˈbʊlət/

a projectile that is fired from a gun

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

carryverbUS /ˈkæri/

move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

CITYnounUS /ˈsɪti/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading The manifesto was as follows:-- "TO OUR ANCIENT CITY AND METROPOLIS OF MOSCOW:

constantlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnstəntli/

without variation or change, in every case

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

dailyadverbUS /ˈdeɪli/

every day; without missing a day

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

deeperadverbUS /ˈdiːpər/

comparative of “deeply” — to a great depth psychologically or emotionally

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

demandedverbUS /dɪˈmændəd/

past form of “demand” — request urgently and forcefully

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

diminishingadjectiveUS /dɪˈmɪnɪʃɪŋ/

becoming smaller or less or appearing to do so

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

documentnounUS /ˈdɑːkjəment/

writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature)

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

draggedverbUS /dræɡd/

inflected form of “drag” — pull, as against a resistance

From this reading The beginning of the war dragged.

earlieradverbUS /ˈɜːrliər/

earlier in time; previously

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

employedadjectiveUS /emˈplɔɪd/

having your services engaged for; or having a job especially one that pays wages or a salary

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

enemy'snounUS /ˈenəmiz/

possessive form of “enemy” — an opposing military force

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

engagementsnounUS /enˈɡeɪdʒmənts/

plural of “engagement” — a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

fightingnounUS /ˈfaɪtɪŋ/

the act of fighting; any contest or struggle

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

followsverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊz/

third-person singular of “follow” — to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading The manifesto was as follows:-- "TO OUR ANCIENT CITY AND METROPOLIS OF MOSCOW:

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

generaladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

generalsnounUS /ˈdʒenərəlz/

plural of “general” — a general officer of the highest rank

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

groundnounUS /ɡraʊnd/

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

illnessnounUS /ˈɪlnəs/

impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

immenseadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈmens/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

incapacitatedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnkəˈpæsɪteɪtɪd/

lacking in or deprived of strength or power

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

intentionallyadverbUS /ˌɪnˈtenʃənəli/

with intention; in an intentional manner

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

interioradjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtɪriər/

situated within or suitable for inside a building

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

latestadjectiveUS /ˈleɪtəst/

up to the immediate present; most recent or most up-to-date

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

leakagenounUS /ˈliːkədʒ/

the discharge of a fluid from some container

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

luringverbUS /ˈlʊrɪŋ/

-ing form of “lure” — provoke someone to do something through (often false or exaggerated) promises or persuasion

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

MajestynounUS /ˈmædʒəsti/

impressiveness in scale or proportion

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

manifestonounUS /ˌmænəˈfestoʊ/

a public declaration of intentions (as issued by a political party or government)

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

Maximof

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

METROPOLISnounUS /məˈtrɑːpələs/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading The manifesto was as follows:-- "TO OUR ANCIENT CITY AND METROPOLIS OF MOSCOW:

MoscownounUS /ˈmɑːskoʊ/

a city of central European Russia; formerly capital of both the Soviet Union and Soviet Russia; since 1991 the capital of the Russian Federation

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

numbersnounUS /ˈnʌmbərz/

the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The beginning of the war dragged.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

onwardadverbUS /ˈɔːnwərd/

forward in time or order or degree

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

opposedadjectiveUS /əˈpoʊzd/

being in opposition or having an opponent

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

OURdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading The manifesto was as follows:-- "TO OUR ANCIENT CITY AND METROPOLIS OF MOSCOW:

policynounUS /ˈpɑːləsi/

a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

raisingnounUS /ˈreɪzɪŋ/

the event of something being raised upward

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

receivedadjectiveUS /rəˈsiːvd/

conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

reinforcementsnounUS /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːrsmənts/

plural of “reinforcement” — a military operation (often involving new supplies of men and materiel) to strengthen a military force or aid in the performance of its mission

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

resultingverbUS /rɪˈzʌltɪŋ/

-ing form of “result” — issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

retiringadjectiveUS /rɪˈtaɪrɪŋ/

not arrogant or presuming

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

RussiannounUS /ˈrʌʃən/

a native or inhabitant of Russia

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

Sasha

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

servicenounUS /ˈsɜːrvəs/

work done by one person or group that benefits another

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

spacesnounUS /ˈspeɪsəz/

plural of “space” — the unlimited expanse in which everything is located

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

spitenounUS /spaɪt/

feeling a need to see others suffer

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

standverbUS /stænd/

be standing; be upright

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

superintendverb

watch and direct

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

tacticsnounUS /ˈtæktɪks/

the branch of military science dealing with detailed maneuvers to achieve objectives set by strategy

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The beginning of the war dragged.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

TsarnounUS /zɑːr/

a male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917)

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading The beginning of the war dragged.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading There was little fighting, for the Russian generals adopted the policy of retiring constantly before the enemy's advance, apparently afraid to stand their ground, but actually luring him intentionally onward, deeper and deeper, into the immense spaces of the interior.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading By these tactics a constantly diminishing French force opposed a Russian army whose numbers augmented daily in spite of the leakage resulting from illness and small engagements.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading In one of the earlier battles young Sasha Maximof received a bullet in the left arm, and being incapacitated for a while from active service was employed by the general to carry to Moscow the latest manifesto of the Tsar, and to superintend the raising of reinforcements demanded in that document by his Majesty.

Chapter 13 of Moscow by Frederick Whishaw holds 100 sentences, grouped into 20 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 13 of Moscow contain?

Chapter 13 holds 100 sentences of Moscow, unabridged, divided into 20 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 13 of Moscow by Frederick Whishaw exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 100 sentences, grouped into 20 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 13 of Moscow?

Work through the 20 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 20 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 13 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 13 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Moscow

Common questions about reading Moscow by Frederick Whishaw on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Moscow?

Yes. All 2896 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #42967 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Moscow is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #42967, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Moscow take to read?

About 241 minutes of reading across 580 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Moscow section by section

How to work through Moscow section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 31 chapters of Moscow to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Moscow

Words and structures a reader meets early in Moscow, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Moscow; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Jangling
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Moscow; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sleigh-bells
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Moscow; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Shouting
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Moscow; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.