Chapter XXXI

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The terrible war of 1812 was over, and Russia had shaken herself free of the last Frenchman.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

forsaken by owner or inhabitants

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

(usually followed by “to”) having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

get or gather together

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

European herb somewhat resembling celery widely naturalized in Britain coastal regions and often cultivated as a potherb

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

Having no one else present.

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The terrible war of 1812 was over, and Russia had shaken herself free of the last Frenchman.

extreme mental distress

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

a native or inhabitant of Austria

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

an edge tool with a heavy bladed head mounted across a handle

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

plural of “beam” — a signal transmitted along a narrow path; guides airplane pilots in darkness or bad weather

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

a large artillery gun that is usually on wheels

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

past form of “capture” — succeed in representing or expressing something intangible

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

several things grouped together or considered as a whole

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or culture

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

provided or fitted out with what is necessary or useful or appropriate

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

past form of “exact” — claim as due or just

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading The terrible war of 1812 was over, and Russia had shaken herself free of the last Frenchman.

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

a person of French nationality

From this reading The terrible war of 1812 was over, and Russia had shaken herself free of the last Frenchman.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

the side that is forward or prominent

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

a person of German nationality

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

of behavior that is impressive and ambitious in scale or scope

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The terrible war of 1812 was over, and Russia had shaken herself free of the last Frenchman.

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

used when the woman or girl doing the action is also its object

From this reading The terrible war of 1812 was over, and Russia had shaken herself free of the last Frenchman.

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

a native or inhabitant of Italy

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

plural of “item” — a distinct part that can be specified separately in a group of things that could be enumerated on a list

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

citadel of Moscow, housing the offices of the Russian government

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

immediately past

From this reading The terrible war of 1812 was over, and Russia had shaken herself free of the last Frenchman.

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

a city of central European Russia; formerly capital of both the Soviet Union and Soviet Russia; since 1991 the capital of the Russian Federation

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The terrible war of 1812 was over, and Russia had shaken herself free of the last Frenchman.

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

above and across; more than

From this reading The terrible war of 1812 was over, and Russia had shaken herself free of the last Frenchman.

the property of being smooth and shiny

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

plural of “preparation” — the activity of putting or setting in order in advance of some act or purpose

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

a German inhabitant of Prussia

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

with speed

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

inflected form of “rebuild” — build again

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

(military) withdrawal of troops to a more favorable position to escape the enemy's superior forces or after a defeat

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia and others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991

From this reading The terrible war of 1812 was over, and Russia had shaken herself free of the last Frenchman.

a native or inhabitant of Russia

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

assembly possessing high legislative powers

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

disturbed psychologically as if by a physical jolt or shock

From this reading The terrible war of 1812 was over, and Russia had shaken herself free of the last Frenchman.

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

plural of “state” — the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

not in physical motion

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

causing fear or dread or terror

From this reading The terrible war of 1812 was over, and Russia had shaken herself free of the last Frenchman.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The terrible war of 1812 was over, and Russia had shaken herself free of the last Frenchman.

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Of these nearly 370 are French, 190 Austrian, 120 Prussian, 50 from the German States, over 100 Italian and some 35 to 40 Spanish, Dutch and Polish; over 800 items of evidence to the anguish of the great retreat.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

a male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917)

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

the act of taking revenge (harming someone in retaliation for something harmful that they have done) especially in the next life

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

plural of “visitor” — someone who visits

From this reading In front of the Senate house was already beginning to accumulate that immense collection of cannon captured from or abandoned by the Grand Army, which may still be seen by visitors to the Kremlin.

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading The terrible war of 1812 was over, and Russia had shaken herself free of the last Frenchman.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The terrible war of 1812 was over, and Russia had shaken herself free of the last Frenchman.

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Already the Tsar Alexander had taken in hand preparations for the terrible vengeance which was to be exacted from his arch-enemy.

in the company of; together with

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

plural of “wonder” — the feeling aroused by something strange and surprising

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

made or consisting of (entirely or in part) or employing wood

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.

an employee who performs manual or industrial labor

From this reading Moscow was being rapidly rebuilt; the Russian workman, equipped with axe alone, is able to do wonders in the matter of building up a structure of wooden beams.