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Motors
Motors

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Motors is here in full — 54 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/10 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.
Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.
In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.
The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.
As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Motors

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Motors is here in full — 54 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/10 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.
/ðə stiːm ˈdʒenəreɪtər ðə moʊst ˈwaɪdli noʊn ənd ˈjuːtəlaɪzd sɔːrs ʌv ˈpaʊər ɪz ðə stiːm ˈendʒən/
Line 2
Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.
Line 3
In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.
/ɪn ˈprɪmətɪv deɪz men dɪd nɑːt ˈvæljuː ðer taɪm soʊ ðeɪ ləˈbɔːriəsli pərˈfɔːrmd ðə wɜːrk wɪtʃ məˈʃiːnəri naʊ dʌz fɔːr ʌs/
Line 4
The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.
Line 5
As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.
/æz ðə ˈbɔɪlər ɪz dɪˈpendəd əˈpɑːn tuː prəˈduːs ðə stiːm ˈpreʃər ənd sɪns ðə ˈpreʃər dɪˈpendz ɑːn ðə ˈræpəd ənd ˌekəˈnɑːmɪkəl ɪˌvæpərˈeɪʃən ʌv ˈwɔːtər ðə ˌɪmˈpɔːrtəns ʌv ðə səbˈdʒekt wɪl biː ˌʌndərˈstʊd ɪn ˈtriːtɪŋ ʌv ðə stiːm ˈendʒən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

boiler noun US /ˈbɔɪlər/

sealed vessel where water is converted to steam

From this reading “The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.”

contrivances noun US /kənˈtraɪvənsɪz/

plural of “contrivance” — a device or control that is very useful for a particular job

From this reading “Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.”

economical adjective US /ˌekəˈnɑːmɪkəl/

using the minimum of time or resources necessary for effectiveness

From this reading “As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.”

evaporation noun US /ɪˌvæpərˈeɪʃən/

the process of becoming a vapor

From this reading “As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.”

generator noun US /ˈdʒenəreɪtər/

an apparatus that produces a vapor or gas

From this reading “THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.”

laboriously adverb US /ləˈbɔːriəsli/

in a laborious manner

From this reading “In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.”

organism noun US /ˈɔːrɡənɪzəm/

a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently

From this reading “The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.”

utilized adjective US /ˈjuːtəlaɪzd/

put to use

From this reading “THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

steam engine verb + noun

external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder

In this reading “THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.”

widely known adverb + adjective

In this reading “THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.”

depended upon verb + particle counted as “depend upon”

be contingent on

In this reading “As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.”

muscular power adjective + noun

In this reading “Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.”

due consideration adjective + noun

In this reading “The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.”

vital part adjective + noun

In this reading “The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.”

depends on verb + particle counted as “depend on”

be contingent on

In this reading “As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.”

only available adverb + adjective

In this reading “Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.”

All words in this reading · 94

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.

animalsnounUS /ˈænəməlz/

plural of “animal” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

availableadjectiveUS /əˈveɪləbəl/

obtainable or accessible and ready for use or service

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

BeforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

boilernounUS /ˈbɔɪlər/

sealed vessel where water is converted to steam

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

considerationnounUS /kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃən/

the process of giving careful thought to something

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

contrivancesnounUS /kənˈtraɪvənsɪz/

plural of “contrivance” — a device or control that is very useful for a particular job

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

crudest

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

dependedverbUS /dɪˈpendəd/

past form of “depend” — be contingent upon (something that is elided)

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

dependsverbUS /dɪˈpendz/

third-person singular of “depend” — be contingent upon (something that is elided)

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

devisedverbUS /dɪˈvaɪzd/

past form of “devise” — come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

discoverynounUS /dɪˈskʌvəri/

the act of discovering something

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

doesauxiliary verbUS /dʌz/

the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

dueadjectiveUS /duː/

owed and payable immediately or on demand

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

economicaladjectiveUS /ˌekəˈnɑːmɪkəl/

using the minimum of time or resources necessary for effectiveness

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

else

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

enginenounUS /ˈendʒən/

motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work

From this reading THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.

evaporationnounUS /ɪˌvæpərˈeɪʃən/

the process of becoming a vapor

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

exceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

GENERATORnounUS /ˈdʒenəreɪtər/

an apparatus that produces a vapor or gas

From this reading THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.

growthnounUS /ɡroʊθ/

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

horsesnounUS /ˈhɔːrsəz/

plural of “horse” — solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

importancenounUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtəns/

the quality of being important and worthy of note

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

improvementnounUS /ˌɪmˈpruːvmənt/

a change for the better; progress in development

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.

laboriouslyadverbUS /ləˈbɔːriəsli/

in a laborious manner

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

machinerynounUS /məˈʃiːnəri/

machines or machine systems collectively

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.

muscularadjectiveUS /ˈmʌskjələr/

of or relating to or consisting of muscle

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

organismnounUS /ˈɔːrɡənɪzəm/

a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

performedverbUS /pərˈfɔːrmd/

past form of “perform” — carry out or perform an action

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.

pressurenounUS /ˈpreʃər/

the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit)

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

primitiveadjectiveUS /ˈprɪmətɪv/

belonging to an early stage of technical development; characterized by simplicity and (often) crudeness

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

produceverbUS /prəˈduːs/

bring forth or yield

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

rapidadjectiveUS /ˈræpəd/

done or occurring in a brief period of time

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

reallyadverbUS /ˈrɪli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

receiveverbUS /rəˈsiːv/

get something; come into possession of

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

seemverbUS /siːm/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

singularadjectiveUS /ˈsɪŋɡjələr/

unusual or striking

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

sortnounUS /sɔːrt/

a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

sourcenounUS /sɔːrs/

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.

STEAMverbUS /stiːm/

travel by means of steam power

From this reading THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

treatingverbUS /ˈtriːtɪŋ/

-ing form of “treat” — interact in a certain way

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

understoodadjectiveUS /ˌʌndərˈstʊd/

fully apprehended as to purport or meaning or explanation

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

utilizedadjectiveUS /ˈjuːtəlaɪzd/

put to use

From this reading THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.

valuenounUS /ˈvæljuː/

a numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

vitaladjectiveUS /ˈvaɪtəl/

urgently needed; absolutely necessary

From this reading The steam engine, like everything else which man has devised, was a growth, and, singular as it may seem, the boiler, that vital part of the organism, was, really, the last to receive due consideration and improvement.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

widelyadverbUS /ˈwaɪdli/

to a great degree

From this reading THE STEAM GENERATOR The most widely known and utilized source of power is the steam engine.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading As the boiler is depended upon to produce the steam pressure, and since the pressure depends on the rapid and economical evaporation of water, the importance of the subject will be understood in treating of the steam engine.

windnounUS /waɪnd/

air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Before its discovery wind and water were the only available means, except the muscular power of man, horses and other animals, which was used with the crudest sort of contrivances.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading In primitive days men did not value their time, so they laboriously performed the work which machinery now does for us.

Chapter 3 of Motors by James Slough Zerbe holds 54 sentences, grouped into 11 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Motors contain?

Chapter 3 holds 54 sentences of Motors, unabridged, divided into 11 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Motors by James Slough Zerbe exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 54 sentences, grouped into 11 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Motors?

Work through the 11 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 11 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Motors

Common questions about reading Motors by James Slough Zerbe on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Motors?

Yes. All 1812 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #42369 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Motors is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #42369, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Motors take to read?

About 151 minutes of reading across 363 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Motors section by section

How to work through Motors section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 16 chapters of Motors to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Motors

Words and structures a reader meets early in Motors, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Italic
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Motors; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Denoted
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Motors; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Underscores
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Motors; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Equal
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Motors; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.