Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Motors
Motors

Chapter XIII

Chapter 13 of Motors is here in full — 55 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Motors
Context Illustration Reading 1/11 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.
While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.
This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.
The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.
Racks and Pinions.--The rack and pinion is the most universal piece of mechanism for changing motion.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Motors

Chapter XIII

Chapter 13 of Motors is here in full — 55 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/11 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.
Line 2
While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.
/waɪl kæmz ənd ɪkˈsentrɪks meɪ biː rɪˈlaɪd ɑːn tuː ə ˈsɜːrtən ɪkˈstent ðer ɑːr ˈnuːmərəs ˈpleɪsəz wer ðə ˈmoʊʃən mʌst biː meɪd ˈpɑːzətɪv ənd kənˈtɪnjuːd/
Line 3
This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.
/ðɪs kæn biː dʌn ˈoʊnli baɪ ˈjuːzɪŋ ˈɡɪrɪŋ ɪn sʌm fɔːrm ɔːr sʌtʃ dɪˈvaɪsəz æz ˌriːˈkwaɪər tiːθ tuː trænzˈmɪt ðə ˈmoʊʃən frʌm wʌn ˈeləmənt tuː ðə ˈʌðər/
Line 4
The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.
/ðə ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ ˌɪləˈstreɪʃənz duː nɑːt baɪ ˈeni miːnz ʃoʊ ɔːl ðə fɔːrmz wɪtʃ hæv bɪn kənˈstrʌktəd ənd juːzd ɪn ˈdɪfərənt məˈʃiːnz bʌt ðeɪ hæv bɪn səˈlektɪd æz taɪps ˈmɪrli ɪn ˈɔːrdər tuː ɡɪv ðə səˈdʒestʃənz fɔːr ˈʌðər fɔːrmz/
Line 5
Racks and Pinions.--The rack and pinion is the most universal piece of mechanism for changing motion.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

cams noun US /kæmz/

plural of “cam” — a river in east central England that flows past Cambridge to join the Ouse River

From this reading “While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.”

determining adjective US /dɪˈtɜːrmənɪŋ/

having the power or quality of deciding

From this reading “GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.”

eccentrics noun US /ɪkˈsentrɪks/

plural of “eccentric” — a person with an unusual or odd personality

From this reading “While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.”

gearing noun US /ˈɡɪrɪŋ/

wheelwork consisting of a connected set of rotating gears by which force is transmitted or motion or torque is changed

From this reading “GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.”

gears noun US /ɡɪrz/

plural of “gear” — a toothed wheel that engages another toothed mechanism in order to change the speed or direction of transmitted motion

From this reading “GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.”

pinion noun US /ˈpɪnjən/

a gear with a small number of teeth designed to mesh with a larger wheel or rack

From this reading “Racks and Pinions.--The rack and pinion is the most universal piece of mechanism for changing motion.”

Racks noun US /ræks/

plural of “rack” — framework for holding objects

From this reading “Racks and Pinions.--The rack and pinion is the most universal piece of mechanism for changing motion.”

transmit verb US /trænzˈmɪt/

transfer to another

From this reading “This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

certain extent adjective + noun

In this reading “While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.”

straight line adjective + noun

a line traced by a point traveling in a constant direction; a line of zero curvature

In this reading “GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.”

relied on verb + particle counted as “rely on”

put trust in with confidence

In this reading “While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.”

any means adjective + noun

In this reading “The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.”

in order preposition + noun

in a state of proper readiness or preparation or arrangement

In this reading “The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.”

For the purpose preposition + article + noun counted as “for … purpose”

In this reading “GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.”

by using preposition + noun

In this reading “This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.”

All words in this reading · 106

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

aidnounUS /eɪd/

a person or thing that is a resource that helps make something easier or possible to do

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

arrangedadjectiveUS /ərˈeɪndʒd/

disposed or placed in a particular kind of order

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.

camsnounUS /kæmz/

plural of “cam” — a river in east central England that flows past Cambridge to join the Ouse River

From this reading While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.

changeverbUS /tʃeɪndʒ/

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

changingadjectiveUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒɪŋ/

marked by continuous change or effective action

From this reading Racks and Pinions.--The rack and pinion is the most universal piece of mechanism for changing motion.

circularadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrkjələr/

having the shape or form of a circle

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

constructedverbUS /kənˈstrʌktəd/

past form of “construct” — make by combining materials and parts

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

continuedadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪnjuːd/

without stop or interruption

From this reading While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.

convertedverbUS /kənˈvɜːrtɪd/

past form of “convert” — change from one system to another or to a new plan or policy

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

determiningadjectiveUS /dɪˈtɜːrmənɪŋ/

having the power or quality of deciding

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

devicesnounUS /dɪˈvaɪsəz/

an inclination or desire; used in the plural in the phrase “left to your own devices”

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

directionnounUS /dərˈekʃən/

a line leading to a place or point

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

doneadjectiveUS /dʌn/

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.

eccentricsnounUS /ɪkˈsentrɪks/

plural of “eccentric” — a person with an unusual or odd personality

From this reading While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.

elementnounUS /ˈeləmənt/

an abstract part of something

From this reading This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.

examplesnounUS /ɪɡˈzæmpəlz/

plural of “example” — an item of information that is typical of a class or group

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

extentnounUS /ɪkˈstent/

the point or degree to which something extends

From this reading While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

formsnounUS /fɔːrmz/

plural of “form” — the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

GEARINGnounUS /ˈɡɪrɪŋ/

wheelwork consisting of a connected set of rotating gears by which force is transmitted or motion or torque is changed

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

GEARSnounUS /ɡɪrz/

plural of “gear” — a toothed wheel that engages another toothed mechanism in order to change the speed or direction of transmitted motion

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

illustrationsnounUS /ˌɪləˈstreɪʃənz/

plural of “illustration” — artwork that helps make something clear or attractive

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

irregularadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈreɡjələr/

contrary to rule or accepted order or general practice

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Racks and Pinions.--The rack and pinion is the most universal piece of mechanism for changing motion.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

machinesnounUS /məˈʃiːnz/

plural of “machine” — any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

mechanicaladjectiveUS /məˈkænɪkəl/

using (or as if using) mechanisms or tools or devices

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

mechanismnounUS /ˈmekənɪzəm/

the atomic process that occurs during a chemical reaction

From this reading Racks and Pinions.--The rack and pinion is the most universal piece of mechanism for changing motion.

merelyadverbUS /ˈmɪrli/

and nothing more

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Racks and Pinions.--The rack and pinion is the most universal piece of mechanism for changing motion.

motionnounUS /ˈmoʊʃən/

the use of movements (especially of the hands) to communicate familiar or prearranged signals

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

movementnounUS /ˈmuːvmənt/

a change of position that does not entail a change of location

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

numerousadjectiveUS /ˈnuːmərəs/

amounting to a large indefinite number

From this reading While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

particularadjectiveUS /pərˈtɪkjələr/

unique or specific to a person or thing or category

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

piecenounUS /piːs/

a separate part of a whole

From this reading Racks and Pinions.--The rack and pinion is the most universal piece of mechanism for changing motion.

pinionnounUS /ˈpɪnjən/

a gear with a small number of teeth designed to mesh with a larger wheel or rack

From this reading Racks and Pinions.--The rack and pinion is the most universal piece of mechanism for changing motion.

Pinions

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Racks and Pinions.--The rack and pinion is the most universal piece of mechanism for changing motion.

placesnounUS /ˈpleɪsəz/

plural of “place” — a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.

positiveadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːzətɪv/

characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance or certainty etc.

From this reading While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.

purposenounUS /ˈpɜːrpəs/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

rackverbUS /ræk/

go at a rack

From this reading Racks and Pinions.--The rack and pinion is the most universal piece of mechanism for changing motion.

RacksnounUS /ræks/

plural of “rack” — framework for holding objects

From this reading Racks and Pinions.--The rack and pinion is the most universal piece of mechanism for changing motion.

regularadjectiveUS /ˈreɡjələr/

in accordance with fixed order or procedure or principle

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

reliedverbUS /rɪˈlaɪd/

inflected form of “rely” — have faith or confidence in

From this reading While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.

requireverbUS /ˌriːˈkwaɪər/

require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.

selectedadjectiveUS /səˈlektɪd/

chosen in preference to another

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

showverbUS /ʃoʊ/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

showingnounUS /ˈʃoʊɪŋ/

the display of a motion picture

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.

speciallyadverbUS /ˈspeʃəli/

in a special manner

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

speedverbUS /spiːd/

move hurridly

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

straightadjectiveUS /streɪt/

successive (without a break)

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

suggestionsnounUS /səˈdʒestʃənz/

plural of “suggestion” — an idea that is suggested

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

teethnounUS /tiːθ/

the kind and number and arrangement of teeth (collectively) in a person or animal

From this reading This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

transmitverbUS /trænzˈmɪt/

transfer to another

From this reading This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.

typesnounUS /taɪps/

plural of “type” — a subdivision of a particular kind of thing

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

universaladjectiveUS /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsəl/

of worldwide scope or applicability

From this reading Racks and Pinions.--The rack and pinion is the most universal piece of mechanism for changing motion.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading The following illustrations do not by any means show all the forms which have been constructed and used in different machines, but they have been selected as types merely, in order to give the suggestions for other forms.

usingnounUS /ˈjuːzɪŋ/

an act that exploits or victimizes someone (treats them unfairly)

From this reading This can be done only by using gearing in some form, or such devices as require teeth to transmit the motion from one element to the other.

variedadjectiveUS /ˈverid/

characterized by variety

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

WhileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading While cams and eccentrics may be relied on to a certain extent, there are numerous places where the motion must be made positive and continued.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading GEARS AND GEARING For the purpose of showing how motion may be converted from a straight line or from a circular movement into any other form or direction, and how such change may be varied in speed, or made regular or irregular, the following examples are given, which may be an aid in determining other mechanical devices which can be specially arranged to do particular work.

Chapter 13 of Motors by James Slough Zerbe holds 55 sentences, grouped into 11 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 13 of Motors contain?

Chapter 13 holds 55 sentences of Motors, unabridged, divided into 11 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 13 of Motors by James Slough Zerbe exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 55 sentences, grouped into 11 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 13 of Motors?

Work through the 11 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 11 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 13 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 13 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Motors

Common questions about reading Motors by James Slough Zerbe on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Motors?

Yes. All 1812 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #42369 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Motors is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #42369, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Motors take to read?

About 151 minutes of reading across 363 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Motors section by section

How to work through Motors section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 16 chapters of Motors to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Motors

Words and structures a reader meets early in Motors, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Italic
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Motors; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Denoted
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Motors; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Underscores
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Motors; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Equal
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Motors; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.