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Nature and Art
Nature and Art

Chapter XXX · Chapter 30

Chapter 30 of Nature and Art is here in full — 26 sentences across 6 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/5 · 5 lines
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While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.
The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.
The affections she had already experienced could just admit of aggravation: the addition occurred.
Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.
Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Nature and Art

Chapter XXX · Chapter 30

Chapter 30 of Nature and Art is here in full — 26 sentences across 6 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/5 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.
Line 2
The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.
/ðə siː ˈθretənz æn ənˈtaɪmli deθ ðə ʃɔːr ˈmenəsɪz kəˈlæmətiz frʌm wɪtʃ deθ ɪz ə ˈrefjuːdʒ/
Line 3
The affections she had already experienced could just admit of aggravation: the addition occurred.
/ðə əˈfekʃənz ʃiː hæd ɔːlˈredi ɪkˈspɪriənst kʊd dʒʌst ədˈmɪt ʌv ˌæɡrəˈveɪʃən ðə əˈdɪʃən əˈkɜːrd/
Line 4
Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.
/hæd ðə ɡʊd ˈfɑːrmər huː meɪd hɜːr ðə kəmˈpænjən ʌv hɪz flɑːks ənd hɜːrdz lɪvd tɪl naʊ tɪl naʊ ʃiː maɪt hæv bɪn sɪˈkjʊr frʌm ðə əˈnɔɪəns ʌv ˈhjuːmən kaɪnd bʌt θroʊn wʌns mɔːr əˈpɑːn səˈsaɪəti ʃiː wɑːz ənˈfɪt tuː səˈsteɪn ðə ˈkɑːnflɪkt ʌv dɪˈkɔːrəm əˈɡenst dɪˈprævəti/
Line 5
Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.
/hɜːr ˈmæstər hɜːr ˈpeɪtrən hɜːr priˈzɜːrvər wɑːz ded ənd ˈhɑːrdli æz ʃiː hæd ɜːrnd ðə ˈpɪtəns ʃiː rəˈsiːvd frʌm hɪm ʃiː faʊnd ðæt ɪt sərˈpæst hɜːr ˈpaʊər tuː əbˈteɪn ðə laɪk əˈɡen/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

aggravation noun US /ˌæɡrəˈveɪʃən/

an exasperated feeling of annoyance

From this reading “The affections she had already experienced could just admit of aggravation: the addition occurred.”

calamities noun US /kəˈlæmətiz/

plural of “calamity” — an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

From this reading “The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.”

depravity noun US /dɪˈprævəti/

moral perversion; impairment of virtue and moral principles

From this reading “Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.”

distresses noun US /dɪˈstresɪz/

plural of “distress” — psychological suffering

From this reading “While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.”

gales noun US /ɡeɪlz/

plural of “gale” — a strong wind moving 45-90 knots; force 7 to 10 on Beaufort scale

From this reading “While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.”

menaces noun US /ˈmenəsɪz/

plural of “menace” — something that is a source of danger

From this reading “The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.”

pittance noun US /ˈpɪtəns/

an inadequate payment

From this reading “Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.”

preserver noun US /priˈzɜːrvər/

a skilled worker who is employed to restore or refinish buildings or antique furniture

From this reading “Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.”

All words in this reading · 109

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.

additionnounUS /əˈdɪʃən/

a component that is added to something to improve it

From this reading The affections she had already experienced could just admit of aggravation: the addition occurred.

admitverbUS /ədˈmɪt/

declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of

From this reading The affections she had already experienced could just admit of aggravation: the addition occurred.

adverseadjectiveUS /ædˈvɜːrs/

contrary to your interests or welfare

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

affectionsnounUS /əˈfekʃənz/

plural of “affection” — a positive feeling of liking

From this reading The affections she had already experienced could just admit of aggravation: the addition occurred.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

aggravationnounUS /ˌæɡrəˈveɪʃən/

an exasperated feeling of annoyance

From this reading The affections she had already experienced could just admit of aggravation: the addition occurred.

Agnes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading The affections she had already experienced could just admit of aggravation: the addition occurred.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

annoyancenounUS /əˈnɔɪəns/

the psychological state of being irritated or annoyed

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

bishopnounUS /ˈbɪʃəp/

a senior member of the Christian clergy having spiritual and administrative authority; appointed in Christian churches to oversee priests or ministers; considered in some churches to be successors of the twelve Apostles of Christ

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

calamitiesnounUS /kəˈlæmətiz/

plural of “calamity” — an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

From this reading The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.

companionnounUS /kəmˈpænjən/

a friend who is frequently in the company of another

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

conflictnounUS /ˈkɑːnflɪkt/

an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

contendingverbUS /kənˈtendɪŋ/

-ing form of “contend” — maintain or assert

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The affections she had already experienced could just admit of aggravation: the addition occurred.

dangersnounUS /ˈdeɪndʒərz/

plural of “danger” — the condition of being susceptible to harm or injury

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

deadadjectiveUS /ded/

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.

decorumnounUS /dɪˈkɔːrəm/

propriety in manners and conduct

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

depravitynounUS /dɪˈprævəti/

moral perversion; impairment of virtue and moral principles

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

distressesnounUS /dɪˈstresɪz/

plural of “distress” — psychological suffering

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

earnedadjectiveUS /ɜːrnd/

gained or acquired; especially through merit or as a result of effort or action

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

encounterverbUS /ɪnˈkaʊntər/

come together

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

experiencedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈspɪriənst/

having experience; having knowledge or skill from observation or participation

From this reading The affections she had already experienced could just admit of aggravation: the addition occurred.

farmernounUS /ˈfɑːrmər/

a person who operates a farm

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

flocksnounUS /flɑːks/

plural of “flock” — a church congregation guided by a pastor

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.

galesnounUS /ɡeɪlz/

plural of “gale” — a strong wind moving 45-90 knots; force 7 to 10 on Beaufort scale

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

hardlyadverbUS /ˈhɑːrdli/

only a very short time before

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

HenrynounUS /ˈhenri/

a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

herdsnounUS /hɜːrdz/

plural of “herd” — a group of cattle or sheep or other domestic mammals all of the same kind that are herded by humans

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading The affections she had already experienced could just admit of aggravation: the addition occurred.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

livedverbUS /lɪvd/

past form of “live” — be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

masternounUS /ˈmæstər/

an artist of consummate skill

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

menacesnounUS /ˈmenəsɪz/

plural of “menace” — something that is a source of danger

From this reading The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

obtainverbUS /əbˈteɪn/

come into possession of

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

occurredverbUS /əˈkɜːrd/

inflected form of “occur” — come to pass

From this reading The affections she had already experienced could just admit of aggravation: the addition occurred.

oceannounUS /ˈoʊʃən/

a large body of water constituting a principal part of the hydrosphere

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

patronnounUS /ˈpeɪtrən/

a regular customer

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

perilsnounUS /ˈperəlz/

plural of “peril” — a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

pittancenounUS /ˈpɪtəns/

an inadequate payment

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

preservernounUS /priˈzɜːrvər/

a skilled worker who is employed to restore or refinish buildings or antique furniture

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

prosperousadjectiveUS /ˈprɑːspərəs/

in fortunate circumstances financially; moderately rich

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

receivedadjectiveUS /rəˈsiːvd/

conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

refugenounUS /ˈrefjuːdʒ/

a safe place

From this reading The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.

sailingnounUS /ˈseɪlɪŋ/

the work of a sailor

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.

secureverbUS /sɪˈkjʊr/

get by special effort

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The affections she had already experienced could just admit of aggravation: the addition occurred.

shorenounUS /ʃɔːr/

the land along the edge of a body of water

From this reading The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.

societynounUS /səˈsaɪəti/

an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

surpassedverbUS /sərˈpæst/

past form of “surpass” — distinguish oneself

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

sustainverbUS /səˈsteɪn/

lengthen or extend in duration or space

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Her master, her patron, her preserver, was dead; and hardly as she had earned the pittance she received from him, she found that it surpassed her power to obtain the like again.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

threatensverbUS /ˈθretənz/

third-person singular of “threaten” — pose a threat to; present a danger to

From this reading The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.

thrownadjectiveUS /θroʊn/

caused to fall to the ground

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

tillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

unfitadjectiveUS /ənˈfɪt/

below the required standards for a purpose

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

untimelyadjectiveUS /ənˈtaɪmli/

badly timed

From this reading The sea threatens an untimely death; the shore menaces calamities from which death is a refuge.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

wateryadjectiveUS /ˈwɔːtəri/

filled with water

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

WhileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Had the good farmer, who made her the companion of his flocks and herds, lived till now, till now she might have been secure from the annoyance of human kind; but, thrown once more upon society, she was unfit to sustain the conflict of decorum against depravity.

windsnounUS /wɪndz/

plural of “wind” — air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading While the bishop and his son were sailing before prosperous gales on the ocean of life, young Henry was contending with adverse winds, and many other perils, on the watery ocean; yet still, his distresses and dangers were less than those which Agnes had to encounter upon land.

Chapter 30 of Nature and Art by Mrs. Inchbald holds 26 sentences, grouped into 6 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 30 of Nature and Art contain?

Chapter 30 holds 26 sentences of Nature and Art, unabridged, divided into 6 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 30 of Nature and Art by Mrs. Inchbald exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 26 sentences, grouped into 6 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 30 of Nature and Art?

Work through the 6 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 6 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Questions about reading Nature and Art

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Is this the complete text of Nature and Art?

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How long does Nature and Art take to read?

About 128 minutes of reading across 309 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Nature and Art

Words and structures a reader meets early in Nature and Art, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Nobility
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nature and Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Britain
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nature and Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Laureate
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nature and Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Admirers
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nature and Art; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.