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Nature's year
Nature's year

Chapter V

Chapter 5 of Nature's year is here in full — 434 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Nature's year
Context Illustration Reading 1/86 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.
Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.
Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.
The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.
Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Nature's year

Chapter V

Chapter 5 of Nature's year is here in full — 434 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/86 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.
/aɪ θɪŋk ʌv ðə ˈhʌndrədz ʌv ˈwɔːtər bɜːrdz ðæt aɪ hæv siːn ðɪs ˈwɪntər ˈdaɪɪŋ ˈstɑːrvɪŋ ˈpɔɪzənd ɔːr ˈfriːzɪŋ tuː deθ æz ə rɪˈzʌlt ʌv ˈhævɪŋ ðer ˈpluːmədʒ soʊkt baɪ weɪst ɔɪl frʌm ʃɪps/
Line 2
Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.
Line 3
Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.
Line 4
The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.
/ðə siː bɜːrdz drɪft ˈɪntuː ɔɪl slɪks æt naɪt wen ˈsliːpɪŋ ɔːr meɪ ˈiːvɪn siːk ðem aʊt mɪˈsteɪkɪŋ ðem fɔːr ˈplæŋktən slɪks/
Line 5
Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

areas noun US /ˈeriəz/

plural of “area” — a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography)

From this reading “Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.”

beaches noun US /ˈbiːtʃəz/

plural of “beach” — an area of sand sloping down to the water of a sea or lake

From this reading “Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.”

brant noun US /brænt/

small dark geese that breed in the north and migrate southward

From this reading “Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.”

inroads noun US /ˈɪnroʊdz/

plural of “inroad” — an encroachment or intrusion

From this reading “Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.”

loons noun US /luːnz/

plural of “loon” — a worthless lazy fellow

From this reading “Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.”

plankton noun US /ˈplæŋktən/

the aggregate of small plant and animal organisms that float or drift in great numbers in fresh or salt water

From this reading “The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.”

slicks noun US /slɪks/

plural of “slick” — a slippery smoothness

From this reading “Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.”

Tankers noun US /ˈtæŋkərz/

plural of “tanker” — a cargo ship designed to carry crude oil in bulk

From this reading “Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

merchant vessels noun + noun counted as “merchant vessel”

In this reading “Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.”

drift into verb + particle

In this reading “The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.”

on the surface preposition + article + noun counted as “on … surface”

In this reading “Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.”

at night preposition + noun

In this reading “The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.”

at sea preposition + noun

perplexed by many conflicting situations or statements; filled with bewilderment

In this reading “Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.”

think of verb + particle

keep in mind for attention or consideration

In this reading “I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.”

All words in this reading · 98

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

approachingnounUS /əˈproʊtʃɪŋ/

the event of one object coming closer to another

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

areasnounUS /ˈeriəz/

plural of “area” — a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography)

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

auks

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

beachesnounUS /ˈbiːtʃəz/

plural of “beach” — an area of sand sloping down to the water of a sea or lake

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

bilgesnoun

in a vessel with two hulls, an enclosed area between the frames at each side

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

birdsnounUS /bɜːrdz/

plural of “bird” — warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

brantnounUS /brænt/

small dark geese that breed in the north and migrate southward

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

causenounUS /kɑːz/

events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

driftverbUS /drɪft/

be in motion due to some air or water current

From this reading The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.

driftingnounUS /ˈdrɪftɪŋ/

aimless wandering from place to place

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

dumpedverbUS /dʌmpt/

past form of “dump” — throw away as refuse

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

dyingadjectiveUS /ˈdaɪɪŋ/

in or associated with the process of passing from life or ceasing to be

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

Eiders

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.

feedingnounUS /ˈfiːdɪŋ/

the act of consuming food

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

fishnounUS /fɪʃ/

any of various mostly cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usually having scales and breathing through gills

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.

formsnounUS /fɔːrmz/

plural of “form” — the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

freezingnounUS /ˈfriːzɪŋ/

the withdrawal of heat to change something from a liquid to a solid

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

groundsnounUS /ɡraʊndz/

your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

habitnounUS /ˈhæbət/

an established custom

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

hundredsnounUS /ˈhʌndrədz/

plural of “hundred” — ten 10s

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

immemorialadjectiveUS /ˌɪməˈmɔːriəl/

long past; beyond the limits of memory or tradition or recorded history

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

inroadsnounUS /ˈɪnroʊdz/

plural of “inroad” — an encroachment or intrusion

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.

kindsnounUS /kaɪndz/

plural of “kind” — a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

loonsnounUS /luːnz/

plural of “loon” — a worthless lazy fellow

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

marineadjectiveUS /mərˈiːn/

of or relating to the sea

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.

mentionverbUS /ˈmenʃən/

make reference to

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

merchantnounUS /ˈmɜːr.tʃənt/

A person or company involved in wholesale trade, especially with foreign countries.

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

mistakingnounUS /mɪˈsteɪkɪŋ/

putting the wrong interpretation on

From this reading The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

oceannounUS /ˈoʊʃən/

a large body of water constituting a principal part of the hydrosphere

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

oilnounUS /ɔɪl/

A viscous liquid derived from petroleum or plants, stored in large earthen jars.

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

planktonnounUS /ˈplæŋktən/

the aggregate of small plant and animal organisms that float or drift in great numbers in fresh or salt water

From this reading The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.

plantsnounUS /plænts/

plural of “plant” — buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

plumagenounUS /ˈpluːmədʒ/

the light horny waterproof structure forming the external covering of birds

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

poisonedverbUS /ˈpɔɪzənd/

past form of “poison” — spoil as if by poison

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

portnounUS /pɔːrt/

a place (seaport or airport) where people and merchandise can enter or leave a country

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

resultnounUS /rɪˈzʌlt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

scoters

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

seekverbUS /siːk/

try to get or reach

From this reading The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.

seemverbUS /siːm/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

seriousadjectiveUS /ˈsɪriəs/

concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

shipsnounUS /ʃɪps/

plural of “ship” — a vessel that carries passengers or freight

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

shorenounUS /ʃɔːr/

the land along the edge of a body of water

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

sleepingnounUS /ˈsliːpɪŋ/

the state of being asleep

From this reading The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.

slicksnounUS /slɪks/

plural of “slick” — a slippery smoothness

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

soakedadjectiveUS /soʊkt/

very drunk

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

soilingnoun

the act of soiling something

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

squaws

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

starvingadjectiveUS /ˈstɑːrvɪŋ/

suffering from lack of food

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

TankersnounUS /ˈtæŋkərz/

plural of “tanker” — a cargo ship designed to carry crude oil in bulk

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

tanksnounUS /tæŋks/

plural of “tank” — an enclosed armored military vehicle; has a cannon and moves on caterpillar treads

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The sea birds drift into oil slicks at night when sleeping, or may even seek them out, mistaking them for plankton slicks.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Eiders, old squaws, scoters, loons, brant, auks, all birds of our winter waters, come by immemorial habit to these feeding grounds for fish, plankton, or water plants.

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

vesselsnounUS /ˈvesəlz/

plural of “vessel” — a tube in which a body fluid circulates

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

washedadjectiveUS /wɑːʃt/

clean by virtue of having been washed in water

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

wastenounUS /weɪst/

any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

wastesnounUS /weɪsts/

plural of “waste” — any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted

From this reading Oil wastes seem to have made serious inroads on some forms of marine life in some areas, not to mention their soiling of beaches and shore waters.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

watersnounUS /ˈwɔːtərz/

United States actress and singer (1896-1977)

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Tankers, merchant vessels of all kinds, cause drifting oil slicks on the surface of the ocean waters when their bilges are dumped at sea, or when their tanks are washed out when approaching port.

winternounUS /ˈwɪntər/

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading I think of the hundreds of water birds that I have seen this winter dying, starving, poisoned, or freezing to death, as a result of having their plumage soaked by waste oil from ships.

Chapter 5 of Nature's year by John Hay holds 434 sentences, grouped into 87 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 5 of Nature's year contain?

Chapter 5 holds 434 sentences of Nature's year, unabridged, divided into 87 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 5 of Nature's year by John Hay exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 434 sentences, grouped into 87 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 5 of Nature's year?

Work through the 87 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 87 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 5 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 5 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Nature's year

Common questions about reading Nature's year by John Hay on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Nature's year?

Yes. All 2623 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #76613 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Nature's year is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #76613, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Nature's year take to read?

About 218 minutes of reading across 525 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Nature's year section by section

How to work through Nature's year section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 6 chapters of Nature's year to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Nature's year

Words and structures a reader meets early in Nature's year, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Doubleday
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nature's year; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Company
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nature's year; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Garden
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nature's year; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Kristi
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nature's year; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.