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New Ideas for American Boys
New Ideas for American Boys

Chapter XXII

Chapter 22 of New Ideas for American Boys is here in full — 58 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/11 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
A CIRCUS IN THE ATTIC.
How to Make the Horses and Other Animals, and How to Make the Costumes.
In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.
When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.
The dog would wag his tail and bark in a manner very unlike a true circus horse.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

New Ideas for American Boys

Chapter XXII

Chapter 22 of New Ideas for American Boys is here in full — 58 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/11 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
A CIRCUS IN THE ATTIC.
/ə ˈsɜːrkəs ɪn ðə ˈætɪk/
Line 2
How to Make the Horses and Other Animals, and How to Make the Costumes.
Line 3
In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.
/ɪn ɔːl ˈmɪmɪk ˈsɜːrkəs pərˈfɔːrmənsəz ðə bɔɪz ʌv ə ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən əˈɡoʊ wɜːr ˈsædli ˈhændikæpt baɪ ðə wɑːnt ʌv ˈhɔːrsəz səmˈtaɪmz ɡoʊts ənd dɑːɡz wɜːr prest ˈɪntuː ˈsɜːrvəs bʌt ðiːz ˈænəməlz ˈflætli rəˈfjuːzd tuː əˈlaʊ ðə ˈjuːθfəl ˈsɜːrkəs ˈraɪdərz tuː maʊnt ðer bæks ənd æz ˈsʌbstətuːts fɔːr ˈhɔːrsəz pruːvd ɡʊd fɔːr ˈnʌθɪŋ bʌt ðə kriˈeɪʃən ʌv kənˈfjuːʒən/
Line 4
When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.
Line 5
The dog would wag his tail and bark in a manner very unlike a true circus horse.
/ðə dɔːɡ wʊd wæɡ hɪz teɪl ənd bɑːrk ɪn ə ˈmænər ˈveri ənˈlaɪk ə truː ˈsɜːrkəs hɔːrs/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

canter verb US /ˈkæntər/

ride at a canter

From this reading “When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.”

demoralized adjective US /dɪˈmɔːrəlaɪzd/

made less hopeful or enthusiastic

From this reading “When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.”

flatly adverb US /ˈflætli/

in an unqualified manner

From this reading “In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.”

handicapped adjective US /ˈhændikæpt/

having restricted mental or physical functioning as a consequence of injury or illness

From this reading “In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.”

mimic noun US /ˈmɪmɪk/

someone who mimics (especially an actor or actress)

From this reading “In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.”

stunts noun US /stʌnts/

plural of “stunt” — a difficult or unusual or dangerous feat; usually done to gain attention

From this reading “When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.”

substitutes noun US /ˈsʌbstətuːts/

plural of “substitute” — a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another

From this reading “In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.”

wag noun US /wæɡ/

a witty amusing person who makes jokes

From this reading “The dog would wag his tail and bark in a manner very unlike a true circus horse.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

hind legs noun + noun

In this reading “When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.”

substitutes for verb + particle counted as “substitute for”

In this reading “In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.”

Other Animals adjective + noun counted as “other animal”

In this reading “How to Make the Horses and Other Animals, and How to Make the Costumes.”

IN THE ATTIC preposition + article + noun counted as “in … attic”

In this reading “A CIRCUS IN THE ATTIC.”

All words in this reading · 90

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A CIRCUS IN THE ATTIC.

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

allowverbUS /əˈlaʊ/

make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading How to Make the Horses and Other Animals, and How to Make the Costumes.

AnimalsnounUS /ˈænəməlz/

plural of “animal” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading How to Make the Horses and Other Animals, and How to Make the Costumes.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

ATTICnounUS /ˈætɪk/

floor consisting of open space at the top of a house just below roof; often used for storage

From this reading A CIRCUS IN THE ATTIC.

backsnounUS /bæks/

plural of “back” — the posterior part of a human (or animal) body from the neck to the end of the spine

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

barknounUS /bɑːrk/

tough protective covering of the woody stems and roots of trees and other woody plants

From this reading The dog would wag his tail and bark in a manner very unlike a true circus horse.

boysnounUS /bɔɪz/

plural of “boy” — a youthful male person

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

canterverbUS /ˈkæntər/

ride at a canter

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

causedverbUS /kɑːzd/

past form of “cause” — give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

CIRCUSnounUS /ˈsɜːrkəs/

a travelling company of entertainers; including trained animals

From this reading A CIRCUS IN THE ATTIC.

clownnounUS /klaʊn/

a rude or vulgar fool

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

comingnounUS /ˈkʌmɪŋ/

the act of drawing spatially closer to something

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

confusionnounUS /kənˈfjuːʒən/

disorder resulting from a failure to behave predictably

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

CostumesnounUS /kɑːˈstuːmz/

plural of “costume” — the attire worn in a play or at a fancy dress ball

From this reading How to Make the Horses and Other Animals, and How to Make the Costumes.

creationnounUS /kriˈeɪʃən/

the human act of creating

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

demoralizedadjectiveUS /dɪˈmɔːrəlaɪzd/

made less hopeful or enthusiastic

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

dognounUS /dɔːɡ/

a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds

From this reading The dog would wag his tail and bark in a manner very unlike a true circus horse.

dogsnounUS /dɑːɡz/

plural of “dog” — a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

flatlyadverbUS /ˈflætli/

in an unqualified manner

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

generationnounUS /ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən/

all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

GoatnounUS /ɡoʊt/

any of numerous agile ruminants related to sheep but having a beard and straight horns

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

goatsnounUS /ɡoʊts/

plural of “goat” — any of numerous agile ruminants related to sheep but having a beard and straight horns

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

handicappedadjectiveUS /ˈhændikæpt/

having restricted mental or physical functioning as a consequence of injury or illness

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

head-first

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

hindnounUS /haɪnd/

any of several mostly spotted fishes that resemble groupers

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

horsenounUS /hɔːrs/

solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times

From this reading The dog would wag his tail and bark in a manner very unlike a true circus horse.

HorsesnounUS /ˈhɔːrsəz/

plural of “horse” — solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times

From this reading How to Make the Horses and Other Animals, and How to Make the Costumes.

How

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading How to Make the Horses and Other Animals, and How to Make the Costumes.

INprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading A CIRCUS IN THE ATTIC.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

legsnounUS /leɡz/

staying power

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

MakeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading How to Make the Horses and Other Animals, and How to Make the Costumes.

mannernounUS /ˈmænər/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading The dog would wag his tail and bark in a manner very unlike a true circus horse.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

mimicnounUS /ˈmɪmɪk/

someone who mimics (especially an actor or actress)

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

mountverbUS /maʊnt/

attach to a support

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

OtheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading How to Make the Horses and Other Animals, and How to Make the Costumes.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

performancesnounUS /pərˈfɔːrmənsəz/

plural of “performance” — a dramatic or musical entertainment

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

pressedadjectiveUS /prest/

compacted by ironing

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

programmenounUS /ˈproʊɡræm/

an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

provedadjectiveUS /pruːvd/

established beyond doubt

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

refusedverbUS /rəˈfjuːzd/

past form of “refuse” — show unwillingness towards

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

ridersnounUS /ˈraɪdərz/

plural of “rider” — a traveler who actively rides an animal (as a horse or camel)

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

ringverbUS /rɪŋ/

sound loudly and sonorously

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

ring-master

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

sadlyadverbUS /ˈsædli/

in an unfortunate way

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

servicenounUS /ˈsɜːrvəs/

work done by one person or group that benefits another

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

sometimesadverbUS /səmˈtaɪmz/

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

standingadjectiveUS /ˈstændɪŋ/

having a supporting base

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

stuntsnounUS /stʌnts/

plural of “stunt” — a difficult or unusual or dangerous feat; usually done to gain attention

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

substitutesnounUS /ˈsʌbstətuːts/

plural of “substitute” — a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

supposedadjectiveUS /səˈpoʊzd/

required or under orders

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

tailnounUS /teɪl/

the posterior part of the body of a vertebrate especially when elongated and extending beyond the trunk or main part of the body

From this reading The dog would wag his tail and bark in a manner very unlike a true circus horse.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading A CIRCUS IN THE ATTIC.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading How to Make the Horses and Other Animals, and How to Make the Costumes.

trueadjectiveUS /truː/

consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading The dog would wag his tail and bark in a manner very unlike a true circus horse.

unlikeadjectiveUS /ənˈlaɪk/

marked by dissimilarity

From this reading The dog would wag his tail and bark in a manner very unlike a true circus horse.

utterlyadverbUS /ˈʌtərli/

completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading The dog would wag his tail and bark in a manner very unlike a true circus horse.

wagnounUS /wæɡ/

a witty amusing person who makes jokes

From this reading The dog would wag his tail and bark in a manner very unlike a true circus horse.

wantverbUS /wɑːnt/

feel or have a desire for; want strongly

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading When The Goat was supposed to canter around the ring, he had a way of standing on his hind legs and coming down head-first, which utterly demoralized our ring-master, and even caused the clown to do many “stunts” not down on the programme.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading The dog would wag his tail and bark in a manner very unlike a true circus horse.

youthfuladjectiveUS /ˈjuːθfəl/

suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh

From this reading In all mimic circus performances the boys of a generation ago were sadly handicapped by the want of horses; sometimes goats and dogs were pressed into service, but these animals flatly refused to allow the youthful circus riders to mount their backs, and as substitutes for horses proved good for nothing but the creation of confusion.

Chapter 22 of New Ideas for American Boys by Daniel Carter Beard holds 58 sentences, grouped into 12 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 22 of New Ideas for American Boys contain?

Chapter 22 holds 58 sentences of New Ideas for American Boys, unabridged, divided into 12 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 22 of New Ideas for American Boys by Daniel Carter Beard exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 58 sentences, grouped into 12 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 22 of New Ideas for American Boys?

Work through the 12 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 12 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 22 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 22 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading New Ideas for American Boys

Common questions about reading New Ideas for American Boys by Daniel Carter Beard on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of New Ideas for American Boys?

Yes. All 2002 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #49936 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of New Ideas for American Boys is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #49936, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does New Ideas for American Boys take to read?

About 166 minutes of reading across 401 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read New Ideas for American Boys section by section

How to work through New Ideas for American Boys section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 25 chapters of New Ideas for American Boys to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in New Ideas for American Boys

Words and structures a reader meets early in New Ideas for American Boys, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Enclosed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of New Ideas for American Boys; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Underscores
A word that appears in the opening chapter of New Ideas for American Boys; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Italics
A word that appears in the opening chapter of New Ideas for American Boys; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Equal
A word that appears in the opening chapter of New Ideas for American Boys; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.