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Nineteenth Century Questions
Nineteenth Century Questions

Chapter VI

Chapter 6 of Nineteenth Century Questions is here in full — 391 sentences across 79 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/78 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
"'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."
In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.
He must needs try to sophisticate us by talking about "the doings of the gods."
Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.
A truth-telling Carlyle ought to have said, "I admit this is murder; but I like the old fellow, and so I will call it right."
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Nineteenth Century Questions

Chapter VI

Chapter 6 of Nineteenth Century Questions is here in full — 391 sentences across 79 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/78 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
"'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."
Line 2
In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.
Line 3
He must needs try to sophisticate us by talking about "the doings of the gods."
/hiː mʌst niːdz traɪ tuː səˈfɪstəkeɪt ʌs baɪ ˈtɔːkɪŋ əˈbaʊt ðə ˈduːɪŋz ʌv ðə ɡɑːdz/
Line 4
Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.
/bɪˈkɔːz dɪˈvaɪn ˈprɑː.və.dəns teɪks men aʊt ʌv ðə wɜːrld ɪn ˈveriəs weɪz ɪt ɪz ˈðerfɔːr əˈlaʊəbəl tuː ə kɪŋ prəˈvaɪdɪd hiː biː ə ˈhɪroʊ ɡrɪm ɪˈnʌf ənd ˈɜːrnɪst ɪˈnʌf tuː kɪk men keɪn ðem ənd rʌn ðem θruː ðə ˈbɑːdi wen hiː ˈpliːzɪz ənd ˈæftər ˈhævɪŋ sent ə mæn tuː biː traɪd baɪ ˈkɔːrtmɑːrʃəl ɪf ðə kɔːrt əˈkwɪts hɪm tuː ˈɔːrdər hɪm tuː biː ˈeksəkjuːtɪd baɪ hɪz oʊn dɪˈspɑːtɪk wɪl/
Line 5
A truth-telling Carlyle ought to have said, "I admit this is murder; but I like the old fellow, and so I will call it right."

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

acquits verb US /əˈkwɪts/

third-person singular of “acquit” — pronounce not guilty of criminal charges

From this reading “Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.”

allowable adjective US /əˈlaʊəbəl/

deductible according to the tax laws

From this reading “Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.”

atrocious adjective US /əˈtroʊʃəs/

shockingly brutal or cruel

From this reading “In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.”

Carlyle noun US /ˈkɑːrlaɪl/

Scottish historian who wrote about the French Revolution (1795-1881)

From this reading “In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.”

court-martial noun US /ˈkɔːrtmɑːrʃəl/

a military court to try members of the armed services who are accused of serious breaches of martial law

From this reading “Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.”

despotic adjective US /dɪˈspɑːtɪk/

belonging to or having the characteristics of a despot

From this reading “Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.”

sophisticate noun US /səˈfɪstəkeɪt/

a worldly-wise person

From this reading “He must needs try to sophisticate us by talking about "the doings of the gods."”

transaction noun US /trænˈzækʃən/

the act of transacting within or between groups (as carrying on commercial activities)

From this reading “"'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

various ways adjective + noun

In this reading “Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.”

modern history adjective + noun

In this reading “"'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."”

human hearts adjective + noun

In this reading “"'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."”

old fellow adjective + noun

In this reading “A truth-telling Carlyle ought to have said, "I admit this is murder; but I like the old fellow, and so I will call it right."”

other words adjective + noun

In this reading “In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.”

make up verb + adjective

form or compose

In this reading “In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.”

All words in this reading · 112

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading He must needs try to sophisticate us by talking about "the doings of the gods."

acquitsverbUS /əˈkwɪts/

third-person singular of “acquit” — pronounce not guilty of criminal charges

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

admitverbUS /ədˈmɪt/

declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of

From this reading A truth-telling Carlyle ought to have said, "I admit this is murder; but I like the old fellow, and so I will call it right."

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

allowableadjectiveUS /əˈlaʊəbəl/

deductible according to the tax laws

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

angryadjectiveUS /ˈæŋɡri/

feeling or showing anger

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

atrociousadjectiveUS /əˈtroʊʃəs/

shockingly brutal or cruel

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

BecauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

callverbUS /kɔːl/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

canenounUS /keɪn/

a stick that people can lean on to help them walk

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

cannot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

CarlylenounUS /ˈkɑːrlaɪl/

Scottish historian who wrote about the French Revolution (1795-1881)

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

condemnverbUS /kənˈdem/

express strong disapproval of

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

courtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

court-martialnounUS /ˈkɔːrtmɑːrʃəl/

a military court to try members of the armed services who are accused of serious breaches of martial law

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

criesnounUS /kraɪz/

plural of “cry” — a loud utterance; often in protest or opposition

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

crueladjectiveUS /ˈkruːəl/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

despoticadjectiveUS /dɪˈspɑːtɪk/

belonging to or having the characteristics of a despot

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

DivineadjectiveUS /dɪˈvaɪn/

emanating from God

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

doingsnounUS /ˈduːɪŋz/

manner of acting or controlling yourself

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

earnestadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrnɪst/

characterized by a firm and humorless belief in the validity of your opinions

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

executedadjectiveUS /ˈeksəkjuːtɪd/

put to death as punishment

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

fellownounUS /ˈfeloʊ/

a boy or man

From this reading A truth-telling Carlyle ought to have said, "I admit this is murder; but I like the old fellow, and so I will call it right."

franklyadverbUS /ˈfræŋkli/

(used as intensives reflecting the speaker's attitude) it is sincerely the case that

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

godsnounUS /ɡɑːdz/

plural of “god” — the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

grimadjectiveUS /ɡrɪm/

not to be placated or appeased or moved by entreaty

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

grindingnounUS /ˈɡraɪndɪŋ/

material resulting from the process of grinding

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading A truth-telling Carlyle ought to have said, "I admit this is murder; but I like the old fellow, and so I will call it right."

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He must needs try to sophisticate us by talking about "the doings of the gods."

heartsnounUS /hɑːrts/

a form of whist in which players avoid winning tricks containing hearts or the queen of spades

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

heronounUS /ˈhɪroʊ/

a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading A truth-telling Carlyle ought to have said, "I admit this is murder; but I like the old fellow, and so I will call it right."

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

kickverbUS /kɪk/

drive or propel with the foot

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

kingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

millstones

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

modernadjectiveUS /ˈmɑːdərn/

belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

murderverbUS /ˈmɜːrdər/

kill intentionally and with premeditation

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading He must needs try to sophisticate us by talking about "the doings of the gods."

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

needsadverbUS /niːdz/

in such a manner as could not be otherwise

From this reading He must needs try to sophisticate us by talking about "the doings of the gods."

NeveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading A truth-telling Carlyle ought to have said, "I admit this is murder; but I like the old fellow, and so I will call it right."

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

oughtmodal verbUS /ɔːt/

used with “to” to say what is right or advisable

From this reading A truth-telling Carlyle ought to have said, "I admit this is murder; but I like the old fellow, and so I will call it right."

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

pleasesverbUS /ˈpliːzɪz/

third-person singular of “please” — give pleasure to or be pleasing to

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

providedverbUS /prəˈvaɪdɪd/

past form of “provide” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

ProvidencenounUS /ˈprɑː.və.dəns/

The protective care of God or nature as a spiritual power. (Sự quan phòng, thiên ý phù hộ.)

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

readernounUS /ˈriːdər/

a person who enjoys reading

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

runverbUS /rʌn/

move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading A truth-telling Carlyle ought to have said, "I admit this is murder; but I like the old fellow, and so I will call it right."

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading A truth-telling Carlyle ought to have said, "I admit this is murder; but I like the old fellow, and so I will call it right."

sophisticatenounUS /səˈfɪstəkeɪt/

a worldly-wise person

From this reading He must needs try to sophisticate us by talking about "the doings of the gods."

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

takesnounUS /teɪks/

plural of “take” — the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

talkingnounUS /ˈtɔːkɪŋ/

an exchange of ideas via conversation

From this reading He must needs try to sophisticate us by talking about "the doings of the gods."

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

transactionnounUS /trænˈzækʃən/

the act of transacting within or between groups (as carrying on commercial activities)

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

triedadjectiveUS /traɪd/

tested and proved useful or correct

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

truth-telling

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A truth-telling Carlyle ought to have said, "I admit this is murder; but I like the old fellow, and so I will call it right."

tryverbUS /traɪ/

make an effort or attempt

From this reading He must needs try to sophisticate us by talking about "the doings of the gods."

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading He must needs try to sophisticate us by talking about "the doings of the gods."

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

waysnounUS /weɪz/

structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading "'Never was such a transaction before or since in modern history,' cries the angry reader; 'cruel, like the grinding of human hearts under millstones; like----' Or, indeed, like the doings of the gods, which are cruel, but not that alone."

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading In other words, Carlyle cannot make up his mind frankly to condemn this atrocious murder, and call it by its right name.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading Because Divine Providence takes men out of the world in various ways, it is therefore allowable to a king, provided he be a hero grim enough and "earnest" enough, to kick men, cane them, and run them through the body when he pleases; and, after having sent a man to be tried by court-martial, if the court acquits him, to order him to be executed by his own despotic will.

Chapter 6 of Nineteenth Century Questions by James Freeman Clarke holds 391 sentences, grouped into 79 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 6 of Nineteenth Century Questions contain?

Chapter 6 holds 391 sentences of Nineteenth Century Questions, unabridged, divided into 79 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 6 of Nineteenth Century Questions by James Freeman Clarke exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 391 sentences, grouped into 79 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 6 of Nineteenth Century Questions?

Work through the 79 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 79 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 6 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 6 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Nineteenth Century Questions

Common questions about reading Nineteenth Century Questions by James Freeman Clarke on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Nineteenth Century Questions?

Yes. All 3936 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #44628 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Nineteenth Century Questions is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #44628, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Nineteenth Century Questions take to read?

About 328 minutes of reading across 788 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Nineteenth Century Questions section by section

How to work through Nineteenth Century Questions section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of Nineteenth Century Questions to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Nineteenth Century Questions

Words and structures a reader meets early in Nineteenth Century Questions, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

James
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nineteenth Century Questions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Freeman
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nineteenth Century Questions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Clarke
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nineteenth Century Questions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nineteenth Century Questions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.