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Nineteenth Century Questions
Nineteenth Century Questions

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Nineteenth Century Questions is here in full — 388 sentences across 78 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/77 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.
He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.
Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.
"There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."
"_Man is naturally good_," says Rousseau.
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Nineteenth Century Questions

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Nineteenth Century Questions is here in full — 388 sentences across 78 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/77 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.
/ɪn hɪz fɜːrst ɡreɪt wɜːrk ðə wɜːrk wɪtʃ ˈstɑːrtəld ˈjʊrəp ruːˈsoʊ rɪˈkɔːld mæn tuː hɪmˈself/
Line 2
He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.
Line 3
Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.
Line 4
"There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."
Line 5
"_Man is naturally good_," says Rousseau.
/mæn ɪz ˈnætʃərəli ɡʊd sez ruːˈsoʊ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

commune noun US /ˈkɑːmjuːn/

the smallest administrative district of several European countries

From this reading “He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.”

condemned verb US /kənˈdemd/

past form of “condemn” — express strong disapproval of

From this reading “Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.”

foresee verb US /fɔːrˈsiː/

realize beforehand

luxury noun US /ˈlʌɡʒəri/

something that is an indulgence rather than a necessity

From this reading “Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.”

prophetic adjective US /prəˈfetɪk/

foretelling events as if by supernatural intervention

From this reading “Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.”

remedy noun US /ˈremədi/

act of correcting an error or a fault or an evil

From this reading “"There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."”

Rousseau noun US /ruːˈsoʊ/

French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778)

From this reading “In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.”

tangled adjective US /ˈtæŋɡəld/

in a confused mass

From this reading “Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

true philosophy adjective + noun

In this reading “He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.”

All words in this reading · 70

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

blamableadjective

deserving blame or censure as being wrong or evil or injurious

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

communenounUS /ˈkɑːmjuːn/

the smallest administrative district of several European countries

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

condemnedverbUS /kənˈdemd/

past form of “condemn” — express strong disapproval of

From this reading Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.

cryverbUS /kraɪ/

utter a sudden loud cry

From this reading Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.

cureverbUS /kjʊr/

provide a cure for, make healthy again

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

desirenounUS /dɪˈzaɪər/

the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

EuropenounUS /ˈjʊrəp/

the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use “Europe” to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles

From this reading In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.

evilnounUS /ˈiːvəl/

morally objectionable behavior

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

fearedverbUS /fɪrd/

past form of “fear” — be afraid or feel anxious or apprehensive about a possible or probable situation or event

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.

foreseeverbUS /fɔːrˈsiː/

realize beforehand

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading "_Man is naturally good_," says Rousseau.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.

greatestadjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtəst/

highest in quality

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

Henri

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.

impossibleadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɑːsəbəl/

not capable of occurring or being accomplished or dealt with

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

longeradverbUS /ˈlɔːŋɡər/

for more time

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

luxurynounUS /ˈlʌɡʒəri/

something that is an indulgence rather than a necessity

From this reading Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.

MartinnounUS /ˈmɑːrtən/

French bishop who is a patron saint of France (died in 397)

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

naturallyadverbUS /ˈnætʃərəli/

as might be expected

From this reading "_Man is naturally good_," says Rousseau.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.

one's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.

perplexities

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.

philosophynounUS /fɪˈlɑː.sə.fi/

The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. (Triết học, đạo lý nhân sinh.)

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

pronouncedadjectiveUS /prəˈnaʊnst/

strongly marked; easily noticeable

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

propheticadjectiveUS /prəˈfetɪk/

foretelling events as if by supernatural intervention

From this reading Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.

recalledverbUS /rɪˈkɔːld/

past form of “recall” — recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection

From this reading In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.

remedynounUS /ˈremədi/

act of correcting an error or a fault or an evil

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

revolutionnounUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃən/

a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

RousseaunounUS /ruːˈsoʊ/

French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778)

From this reading In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

sayingnounUS /ˈseɪɪŋ/

a word or phrase that particular people use in particular situations

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

saysnounUS /sez/

plural of “say” — the chance to speak

From this reading "_Man is naturally good_," says Rousseau.

selfnounUS /self/

your consciousness of your own identity

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

startledadjectiveUS /ˈstɑːrtəld/

excited by sudden surprise or alarm and making a quick involuntary movement

From this reading In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.

tangledadjectiveUS /ˈtæŋɡəld/

in a confused mass

From this reading Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

thinksnounUS /θɪŋks/

plural of “think” — an instance of deliberate thinking

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.

trueadjectiveUS /truː/

consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

unlessconjunctionUS /ənˈles/

except if; if not

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

utteredadjectiveUS /ˈʌtərd/

communicated in words

From this reading Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading He said, "The true philosophy is to commune with one's self,"--the greatest saying, thinks Henri Martin, that had been pronounced in that century.

woenounUS /woʊ/

misery resulting from affliction

From this reading Rousseau condemned luxury, and uttered a prophetic cry of woe over the tangled perplexities of the time.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading In his first great work, the work which startled Europe, Rousseau recalled man to himself.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading "There is no longer a remedy, _unless through some great revolution, almost as much to be feared as the evil it would cure,--which it is blamable to desire, impossible to foresee_."

Chapter 8 of Nineteenth Century Questions by James Freeman Clarke holds 388 sentences, grouped into 78 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Nineteenth Century Questions contain?

Chapter 8 holds 388 sentences of Nineteenth Century Questions, unabridged, divided into 78 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Nineteenth Century Questions by James Freeman Clarke exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 388 sentences, grouped into 78 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Nineteenth Century Questions?

Work through the 78 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 78 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Nineteenth Century Questions

Common questions about reading Nineteenth Century Questions by James Freeman Clarke on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Nineteenth Century Questions?

Yes. All 3936 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #44628 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Nineteenth Century Questions is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #44628, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Nineteenth Century Questions take to read?

About 328 minutes of reading across 788 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Nineteenth Century Questions section by section

How to work through Nineteenth Century Questions section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in Nineteenth Century Questions

Words and structures a reader meets early in Nineteenth Century Questions, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

James
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nineteenth Century Questions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Freeman
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nineteenth Century Questions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Clarke
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nineteenth Century Questions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Nineteenth Century Questions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.