Nineteenth Century Questions

Chapter X

Chapter 10 of Nineteenth Century Questions is here in full — 369 sentences across 74 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

By James Freeman Clarke • Curated US English Learning Edition

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English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5

But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom.

One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.

That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

The Constitution declares that "no person shall be deprived of his liberty without due process of law," and also that "in suits at common law, when the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved."

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LEARNER DICTIONARY

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Chapter X Reading 1/73

Nineteenth Century Questions James Freeman Clarke

Chapter X

Chapter 10 of Nineteenth Century Questions is here in full — 369 sentences across 74 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom. One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850. That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation. Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel. The Constitution declares that "no person shall be deprived of his liberty without due process of law," and also that "in suits at common law, when the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved."

Nineteenth Century Questions

Chapter X

Chapter 10 of Nineteenth Century Questions is here in full — 369 sentences across 74 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/73 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1

But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom.

/bʌt ˈdʊrɪŋ ðɪs ˈkɑːnflɪkt keɪm ˈmeni ˈveri dɑːrk deɪz fɔːr ˈfriːdəm/

Line 2

One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.

Line 3

That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

Line 4

Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

/ˌɔːlˈðoʊ dɪˈfendəd baɪ ɡreɪt ˈlɔːjərz huː θɔːt ɪt ˈnesəseri tuː seɪv ðə ˈjuːnjən ðer ɪz ˈlɪtəl daʊt ðæt ɪt wɑːz æz ˌʌnkɑːnstəˈtuːʃənəl æz ɪt wɑːz ˈkruːəl/

Line 5

/ðə ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃən dɪˈklerz ðæt noʊ ˈpɜːrsən ʃæl biː dɪˈpraɪvd ʌv hɪz ˈlɪb.ər.ti wɪˈθaʊt duː ˈprɑːses ʌv lɔː ənd ˈɔːlsoʊ ðæt ɪn suːts æt ˈkɑːmən lɔː wen ðə ˈvæljuː ɪn ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrsi ʃæl ɪkˈsiːd ˈtwenti ˈdɑːlərz ðə raɪt ʌv ˈtraɪəl baɪ ˈdʒʊri ʃæl biː prəˈzɜːrvd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

compromises noun US /ˈkɑːmprəmaɪzɪz/

plural of “compromise” — a middle way between two extremes

From this reading “That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.”

controversy noun US /ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrsi/

a contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement

From this reading “The Constitution declares that "no person shall be deprived of his liberty without due process of law," and also that "in suits at common law, when the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved."”

declares verb US /dɪˈklerz/

third-person singular of “declare” — state emphatically and authoritatively

defended verb US /dɪˈfendəd/

past form of “defend” — argue or speak in defense of

From this reading “Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.”

exceed verb US /ɪkˈsiːd/

be greater in scope or size than some standard

Fugitive noun US /ˈfjuːdʒətɪv/

someone who flees from an uncongenial situation

From this reading “One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.”

lawyers noun US /ˈlɔːjərz/

plural of “lawyer” — a professional person authorized to practice law; conducts lawsuits or gives legal advice

From this reading “Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.”

unconstitutional adjective US /ˌʌnkɑːnstəˈtuːʃənəl/

not consistent with or according to a constitution; contrary to the U.S. Constitution

From this reading “Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Fugitive Slave noun + noun

In this reading “One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.”

twenty dollars noun + noun counted as “twenty dollar”

In this reading “The Constitution declares that "no person shall be deprived of his liberty without due process of law," and also that "in suits at common law, when the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved."”

common law adjective + noun

(civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions

process of verb + particle

very dark adjective + noun

In this reading “But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom.”

little doubt adjective + noun

In this reading “Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.”

for freedom preposition + noun

In this reading “But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom.”

All words in this reading · 82

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1850

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.

agitationnounUS /ˌædʒəˈteɪʃən/

a mental state of extreme emotional disturbance

From this reading That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading The Constitution declares that "no person shall be deprived of his liberty without due process of law," and also that "in suits at common law, when the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved."

AlthoughconjunctionUS /ˌɔːlˈðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

antislavery

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

compromisesnounUS /ˈkɑːmprəmaɪzɪz/

plural of “compromise” — a middle way between two extremes

From this reading That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

conflictnounUS /ˈkɑːnflɪkt/

an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)

From this reading But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom.

ConstitutionnounUS /ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃən/

law determining the fundamental political principles of a government

controversynounUS /ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrsi/

a contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement

crueladjectiveUS /ˈkruːəl/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom.

declaresverbUS /dɪˈklerz/

third-person singular of “declare” — state emphatically and authoritatively

defendedverbUS /dɪˈfendəd/

past form of “defend” — argue or speak in defense of

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

deprivedadjectiveUS /dɪˈpraɪvd/

marked by deprivation especially of the necessities of life or healthful environmental influences

dollarsnounUS /ˈdɑːlərz/

plural of “dollar” — the basic monetary unit in many countries; equal to 100 cents

doubtnounUS /daʊt/

the state of being unsure of something

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

dueadjectiveUS /duː/

owed and payable immediately or on demand

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom.

exceedverbUS /ɪkˈsiːd/

be greater in scope or size than some standard

finaladjectiveUS /ˈfaɪnəl/

occurring at or forming an end or termination

From this reading That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom.

freedomnounUS /ˈfriːdəm/

the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraints

From this reading But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom.

FugitivenounUS /ˈfjuːdʒətɪv/

someone who flees from an uncongenial situation

From this reading One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.

intendedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtendɪd/

resulting from one's intentions

From this reading That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

jurynounUS /ˈdʒʊri/

a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law

LawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.

lawyersnounUS /ˈlɔːjərz/

plural of “lawyer” — a professional person authorized to practice law; conducts lawsuits or gives legal advice

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

libertynounUS /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.

passagenounUS /ˈpæsədʒ/

the act of passing from one state or place to the next

From this reading One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

preservedadjectiveUS /prəˈzɜːrvd/

prevented from decaying or spoiling and prepared for future use

processverbUS /ˈprɑːses/

subject to a process or treatment, with the aim of readying for some purpose, improving, or remedying a condition

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

saveprepositionUS /seɪv/

except for; apart from

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

seriesnounUS /ˈsɪriz/

similar things placed in order or happening one after another

From this reading That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

settlementnounUS /ˈsetəlmənt/

a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

silencenounUS /ˈsaɪ.ləns/

Complete absence of sound; a state of quietness and stillness.

From this reading That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

SlavenounUS /sleɪv/

a person who is owned by someone

From this reading One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.

suitsnounUS /suːts/

plural of “suit” — a set of garments (usually including a jacket and trousers or skirt) for outerwear all of the same fabric and color

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading That law was one of a series of compromises, intended to make a final settlement of the question and to silence all antislavery agitation.

trialnounUS /ˈtraɪəl/

the act of testing something

twentynounUS /ˈtwenti/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one

unconstitutionaladjectiveUS /ˌʌnkɑːnstəˈtuːʃənəl/

not consistent with or according to a constitution; contrary to the U.S. Constitution

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

UnionnounUS /ˈjuːnjən/

an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

valuenounUS /ˈvæljuː/

a numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading But during this conflict came many very dark days for freedom.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading One of these was after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Although defended by great lawyers, who thought it necessary to save the Union, there is little doubt that it was as unconstitutional as it was cruel.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

Chapter 10 of Nineteenth Century Questions by James Freeman Clarke holds 369 sentences, grouped into 74 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 10 of Nineteenth Century Questions contain?

Chapter 10 holds 369 sentences of Nineteenth Century Questions, unabridged, divided into 74 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 10 of Nineteenth Century Questions by James Freeman Clarke exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 369 sentences, grouped into 74 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

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Chapter X

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