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Notes on Life & Letters
Notes on Life & Letters

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Notes on Life & Letters is here in full — 1007 sentences across 202 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/201 · 5 lines
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BOOKS--1905.
I.
"I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."
These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.
The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Notes on Life & Letters

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Notes on Life & Letters is here in full — 1007 sentences across 202 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/201 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
BOOKS--1905.
Line 2
I.
/aɪ/
Line 3
"I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."
/aɪ hæv nɑːt red ðɪs ˈɔːθərz bʊks ənd ɪf aɪ hæv red ðem aɪ hæv fərˈɡɑːt.n̩ wʌt ðeɪ wɜːr əˈbaʊt/
Line 4
These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.
/ðiːz wɜːrdz ɑːr ˌriːˈpɔːrtɪd æz ˈhævɪŋ bɪn ˈʌtərd ɪn ˈaʊər mɪdst nɑːt ə ˈhʌndrəd jɪrz əˈɡoʊ ˈpʌblɪkli frʌm ðə siːt ʌv ˈdʒʌstəs baɪ ə ˈsɪvɪk ˈmædʒəstreɪt/
Line 5
The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.
/ðə wɜːrdz ʌv ˈaʊər mjuːˈnɪsəpəl ˈruːlərz hæv ə səˈlemnəti ənd ˌɪmˈpɔːrtəns fɑːr əˈbʌv ðə wɜːrdz ʌv ˈʌðər ˈmɔːrtəlz bɪˈkɔːz ˈaʊər mjuːˈnɪsəpəl ˈruːlərz mɔːr ðæn ˈeni ˈʌðər vərˈaɪəti ʌv ˈaʊər ˈɡʌvərnərz ənd ˈmæstərz ˌreprɪˈzent ðə ˈævərɪdʒ ˈwɪzdəm ˈtemprəmənt sens ənd ˈvɝː.tʃuː ʌv ðə kəˈmjuːnəti/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

author's noun US /ˈɔːθərz/

possessive form of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading “"I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."”

civic adjective US /ˈsɪvɪk/

of or relating or belonging to a city

From this reading “These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.”

governors noun US /ˈɡʌvərnərz/

plural of “governor” — the head of a state government

From this reading “The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.”

mortals noun US /ˈmɔːrtəlz/

plural of “mortal” — a human being

From this reading “The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.”

municipal adjective US /mjuːˈnɪsəpəl/

relating or belonging to or characteristic of a municipality

From this reading “The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.”

publicly adverb US /ˈpʌblɪkli/

in a manner accessible to or observable by the public; openly

From this reading “These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.”

rulers noun US /ˈruːlərz/

plural of “ruler” — a person who rules or commands

From this reading “The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.”

solemnity noun US /səˈlemnəti/

a trait of dignified seriousness

From this reading “The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.”

All words in this reading · 62

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1905

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading BOOKS--1905.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading "I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading "I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

author'snounUS /ˈɔːθərz/

possessive form of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading "I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."

averageadjectiveUS /ˈævərɪdʒ/

approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

BOOKSnounUS /bʊks/

Bound written or printed works.

From this reading BOOKS--1905.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

civicadjectiveUS /ˈsɪvɪk/

of or relating or belonging to a city

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

communitynounUS /kəˈmjuːnəti/

a group of people living in a particular local area

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

forgottenadjectiveUS /fərˈɡɑːt.n̩/

Not remembered; lapsed from memory.

From this reading "I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

governorsnounUS /ˈɡʌvərnərz/

plural of “governor” — the head of a state government

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading "I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading "I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."

importancenounUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtəns/

the quality of being important and worthy of note

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

justicenounUS /ˈdʒʌstəs/

the quality of being just or fair

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

magistratenounUS /ˈmædʒəstreɪt/

a lay judge or civil authority who administers the law (especially one who conducts a court dealing with minor offenses)

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

mastersnounUS /ˈmæstərz/

United States poet (1869-1950)

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

midstnounUS /mɪdst/

the location of something surrounded by other things

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

mortalsnounUS /ˈmɔːrtəlz/

plural of “mortal” — a human being

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

municipaladjectiveUS /mjuːˈnɪsəpəl/

relating or belonging to or characteristic of a municipality

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading "I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

publiclyadverbUS /ˈpʌblɪkli/

in a manner accessible to or observable by the public; openly

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

readverbUS /red/

interpret something that is written or printed

From this reading "I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."

reportedadjectiveUS /ˌriːˈpɔːrtɪd/

made known or told about; especially presented in a formal account

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

representverbUS /ˌreprɪˈzent/

take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

rulersnounUS /ˈruːlərz/

plural of “ruler” — a person who rules or commands

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

seatnounUS /siːt/

a space reserved for sitting (as in a theater or on a train or airplane)

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

sensenounUS /sens/

a general conscious awareness

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

solemnitynounUS /səˈlemnəti/

a trait of dignified seriousness

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

temperamentnounUS /ˈtemprəmənt/

your usual mood

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading "I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading "I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading "I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."

utteredadjectiveUS /ˈʌtərd/

communicated in words

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

varietynounUS /vərˈaɪəti/

a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

virtuenounUS /ˈvɝː.tʃuː/

Moral excellence and goodness of character; the highest human attainment in Stoic philosophy.

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading "I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading "I have not read this author's books, and if I have read them I have forgotten what they were about."

wisdomnounUS /ˈwɪzdəm/

accumulated knowledge or erudition or enlightenment

From this reading The words of our municipal rulers have a solemnity and importance far above the words of other mortals, because our municipal rulers more than any other variety of our governors and masters represent the average wisdom, temperament, sense and virtue of the community.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading These words are reported as having been uttered in our midst not a hundred years ago, publicly, from the seat of justice, by a civic magistrate.

Chapter 2 of Notes on Life & Letters by Joseph Conrad holds 1007 sentences, grouped into 202 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Notes on Life & Letters contain?

Chapter 2 holds 1007 sentences of Notes on Life & Letters, unabridged, divided into 202 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Notes on Life & Letters by Joseph Conrad exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 1007 sentences, grouped into 202 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Notes on Life & Letters?

Work through the 202 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 202 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Notes on Life & Letters

Common questions about reading Notes on Life & Letters by Joseph Conrad on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Notes on Life & Letters?

Yes. All 3415 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #1143 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Notes on Life & Letters is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #1143, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Notes on Life & Letters take to read?

About 284 minutes of reading across 683 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Notes on Life & Letters section by section

How to work through Notes on Life & Letters section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 3 chapters of Notes on Life & Letters to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Notes on Life & Letters

Words and structures a reader meets early in Notes on Life & Letters, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Don't
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Notes on Life & Letters; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Whether
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Notes on Life & Letters; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ought
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Notes on Life & Letters; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Offer
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Notes on Life & Letters; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.