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Olaf the Glorious: A Story of the Viking Age
Olaf the Glorious: A Story of the Viking Age

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Olaf the Glorious: A Story of the Viking Age is here in full — 236 sentences across 48 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Olaf the Glorious: A Story of the Viking Age
Context Illustration Reading 1/47 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The following narrative is not so much a story as a biography.
My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.
The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.
I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.
These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Olaf the Glorious: A Story of the Viking Age

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Olaf the Glorious: A Story of the Viking Age is here in full — 236 sentences across 48 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/47 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The following narrative is not so much a story as a biography.
/ðə ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ ˈnærətɪv ɪz nɑːt soʊ mʌtʃ ə ˈstɔːri æz ə baɪˈɑːɡrəfi/
Line 2
My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.
/maɪ ˈhɪroʊ ɪz nɑːt æn ˌɪˈmædʒəneri wʌn hiː wɑːz ə riːl fleʃ ənd blʌd mæn huː reɪnd æz kɪŋ ʌv ˈnɔːrweɪ dʒʌst naɪn ˈsentʃəriz əˈɡoʊ/
Line 3
The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.
Line 4
I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.
/aɪ hæv meɪd friː juːs ʌv ðiːz oʊld taɪm rəˈkɔːrdz ənd hæv ˈædəd ˈoʊnli sʌtʃ ˈprɑːbəbəl ˈɪnsədənts æz wɜːr ˈnesəseri tuː ɡɪv ə kənˈtɪnjuːəs θred ʌv ˈɪntrəst tuː ðə ˈnærətɪv/
Line 5
These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

conversion noun US /kənˈvɜːrʒən/

an event that results in a transformation

From this reading “The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.”

discriminate verb US /dɪˈskrɪməneɪt/

recognize or perceive the difference

From this reading “These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.”

epics noun US /ˈepɪks/

plural of “epic” — a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds

From this reading “These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.”

Icelandic noun US /aɪˈslændɪk/

a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland

From this reading “The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.”

Norway noun US /ˈnɔːrweɪ/

a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achieved independence from Sweden in 1905

From this reading “My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.”

saga noun US /ˈsɑːɡə/

a narrative telling the adventures of a hero or a family; originally (12th to 14th centuries) a story of the families that settled Iceland and their descendants but now any prose narrative that resembles such an account

From this reading “These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.”

sagas noun US /ˈsɑːɡəz/

plural of “saga” — a narrative telling the adventures of a hero or a family; originally (12th to 14th centuries) a story of the families that settled Iceland and their descendants but now any prose narrative that resembles such an account

From this reading “The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.”

viking noun US /ˈvaɪkɪŋ/

any of the Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries

From this reading “The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.”

All words in this reading · 127

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The following narrative is not so much a story as a biography.

actualadjectiveUS /ˈæktʃəwəl/

presently existing in fact and not merely potential or possible

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

addedverbUS /ˈædəd/

past form of “add” — make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

adventurousadjectiveUS /ædˈventʃərəs/

willing to undertake or seeking out new and daring enterprises

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The following narrative is not so much a story as a biography.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

battlesnounUS /ˈbætəlz/

plural of “battle” — a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

biographynounUS /baɪˈɑːɡrəfi/

an account of the series of events making up a person's life

From this reading The following narrative is not so much a story as a biography.

bloodnounUS /blʌd/

The red fluid that circulates in the heart and blood vessels.

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

boyhoodnounUS /ˈbɔɪhʊd/

the childhood of a boy

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

careernounUS /kərˈɪr/

the particular occupation for which you are trained

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

centuriesnounUS /ˈsentʃəriz/

plural of “century” — a period of 100 years

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

ChristianitynounUS /ˌkrɪstʃiˈænɪti/

a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

committedadjectiveUS /kəˈmɪtɪd/

bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

continuousadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪnjuːəs/

continuing in time or space without interruption

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

conversionnounUS /kənˈvɜːrʒən/

an event that results in a transformation

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

courtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

dealingnounUS /ˈdiːlɪŋ/

method or manner of conduct in relation to others

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

discriminateverbUS /dɪˈskrɪməneɪt/

recognize or perceive the difference

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

easyadjectiveUS /ˈiːzi/

posing no difficulty; requiring little effort

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

epicsnounUS /ˈepɪks/

plural of “epic” — a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

Esthonianoun

a republic in northeastern Europe on the Baltic Sea

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

exaggeratedadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪtəd/

represented as greater than is true or reasonable

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

factsnounUS /fækts/

plural of “fact” — a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

firesides

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

fleshnounUS /fleʃ/

the soft tissue of the body of a vertebrate: mainly muscle tissue and fat

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading The following narrative is not so much a story as a biography.

forthadverbUS /fɔːrθ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

foughtverbUS /fɔːt/

inflected form of “fight” — be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

freeverbUS /friː/

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

generationnounUS /ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən/

all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

handedadjectiveUS /ˈhændəd/

having or involving the use of hands

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

heronounUS /ˈhɪroʊ/

a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

HomernounUS /ˈhoʊmər/

a base hit on which the batter scores a run

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

IcelandicnounUS /aɪˈslændɪk/

a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

imaginaryadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈmædʒəneri/

not based on fact; existing only in the imagination

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

incidentsnounUS /ˈɪnsədənts/

plural of “incident” — a single distinct event

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The following narrative is not so much a story as a biography.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

livedverbUS /lɪvd/

past form of “live” — be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

mainadjectiveUS /meɪn/

most important element

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

mereadjectiveUS /mɪr/

being nothing more than specified

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

mouthnounUS /maʊθ/

the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading The following narrative is not so much a story as a biography.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

MydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

narrativenounUS /ˈnærətɪv/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading The following narrative is not so much a story as a biography.

nativeadjectiveUS /ˈneɪtɪv/

characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

ninenounUS /naɪn/

the cardinal number that is the sum of eight and one

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

NorwaynounUS /ˈnɔːrweɪ/

a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achieved independence from Sweden in 1905

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The following narrative is not so much a story as a biography.

occurredverbUS /əˈkɜːrd/

inflected form of “occur” — come to pass

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

Olaf

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

probableadjectiveUS /ˈprɑːbəbəl/

likely but not certain to be or become true or real

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

realadjectiveUS /riːl/

being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

recordsnounUS /rəˈkɔːrdz/

plural of “record” — anything (such as a document or a phonograph record or a photograph) providing permanent evidence of or information about past events

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

reignedverbUS /reɪnd/

past form of “reign” — have sovereign power

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

returnverbUS /rɪˈtɜːrn/

go or come back to place, condition, or activity where one has been before

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

saganounUS /ˈsɑːɡə/

a narrative telling the adventures of a hero or a family; originally (12th to 14th centuries) a story of the families that settled Iceland and their descendants but now any prose narrative that resembles such an account

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

sagasnounUS /ˈsɑːɡəz/

plural of “saga” — a narrative telling the adventures of a hero or a family; originally (12th to 14th centuries) a story of the families that settled Iceland and their descendants but now any prose narrative that resembles such an account

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

slaverynounUS /ˈsleɪvəri/

the state of being under the control of another person

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The following narrative is not so much a story as a biography.

storynounUS /ˈstɔːri/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading The following narrative is not so much a story as a biography.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

surelyadverbUS /ˈʃʊrli/

definitely or positively (“sure” is sometimes used informally for “surely”)

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The following narrative is not so much a story as a biography.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

threadverbUS /θred/

to move or cause to move in a sinuous, spiral, or circular course

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

toldverbUS /toʊld/

inflected form of “tell” — express in words

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

traditionsnounUS /trəˈdɪʃənz/

plural of “tradition” — an inherited pattern of thought or action

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

Triggvison's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

ultimateadjectiveUS /ˈʌltəmət/

furthest or highest in degree or order; utmost or extreme

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

Valdemar

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

vikingnounUS /ˈvaɪkɪŋ/

any of the Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

wanderingsnounUS /ˈwɑːndərɪŋz/

plural of “wandering” — travelling about without any clear destination

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading I have made free use of these old time records, and have added only such probable incidents as were necessary to give a continuous thread of interest to the narrative.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading My hero is not an imaginary one; he was a real flesh and blood man who reigned as King of Norway just nine centuries ago.

winternounUS /ˈwɪntər/

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The main facts of his adventurous career--his boyhood of slavery in Esthonia, his life at the court of King Valdemar, his wanderings as a viking, the many battles he fought, his conversion to Christianity in England, and his ultimate return to his native land--are set forth in the various Icelandic sagas dealing with the period in which he lived.

wordnounUS /wɜːrd/

a unit of language that native speakers can identify

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

writingnounUS /ˈraɪtɪŋ/

the act of creating written works

From this reading These sagas, like the epics of Homer, were handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and they were not committed to writing until a long time after Olaf Triggvison's death, so that it is not easy to discriminate between the actual facts as they occurred and the mere exaggerated traditions which must surely have been added to the story of his life as it was told by the old saga men at their winter firesides.

Chapter 1 of Olaf the Glorious: A Story of the Viking Age by Robert Leighton holds 236 sentences, grouped into 48 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Olaf the Glorious: A Story of the Viking Age contain?

Chapter 1 holds 236 sentences of Olaf the Glorious: A Story of the Viking Age, unabridged, divided into 48 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Olaf the Glorious: A Story of the Viking Age by Robert Leighton exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 236 sentences, grouped into 48 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Olaf the Glorious: A Story of the Viking Age?

Work through the 48 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 48 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading Olaf the Glorious: A Story of the Viking Age by Robert Leighton on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Vocabulary met early in Olaf the Glorious: A Story of the Viking Age

Words and structures a reader meets early in Olaf the Glorious: A Story of the Viking Age, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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