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Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody
Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody is here in full — 143 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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_MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the St. James’s Gazette.”
Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.
One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.
A few prefatory notes, an introductory essay, and two letters have been added.
The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody is here in full — 143 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/28 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
_MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in theSt. James’s Gazette.”
Line 2
Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.
Line 3
One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.
Line 4
A few prefatory notes, an introductory essay, and two letters have been added.
Line 5
The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Andrews noun US /ˈændruːz/

United States naturalist who contributed to paleontology and geology (1884-1960)

From this reading “The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.”

copied verb US /ˈkɑːpid/

inflected form of “copy” — copy down as is

From this reading “The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.”

Gazette noun US /ɡəˈzet/

a newspaper or official journal

From this reading “_MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the “St. James’s Gazette.””

introductory adjective US /ˌɪntrəˈdʌktəri/

serving to open or begin

From this reading “A few prefatory notes, an introductory essay, and two letters have been added.”

James's noun US /ˈdʒeɪmzɪz/

possessive form of “james” — a Stuart king of Scotland who married a daughter of Henry VII; when England and France went to war in 1513 he invaded England and died in defeat at Flodden (1473-1513)

lyric adjective US /ˈlɪrɪk/

expressing deep emotion

From this reading “One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.”

purporting verb US /pərˈpɔːrtɪŋ/

-ing form of “purport” — have the often specious appearance of being, intending, or claiming

From this reading “One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.”

toots noun US /tuːts/

plural of “toot” — a blast of a horn

From this reading “One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.”

All words in this reading · 84

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

addedverbUS /ˈædəd/

past form of “add” — make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of

From this reading A few prefatory notes, an introductory essay, and two letters have been added.

addressedadjectiveUS /əˈdrest/

(of mail) marked with a destination

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

addressingverbUS /əˈdresɪŋ/

-ing form of “address” — speak to

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading A few prefatory notes, an introductory essay, and two letters have been added.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

AndrewsnounUS /ˈændruːz/

United States naturalist who contributed to paleontology and geology (1884-1960)

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

ApollonounUS /əˈpɑːloʊ/

(Greek mythology) Greek god of light; god of prophecy and poetry and music and healing; son of Zeus and Leto; twin brother of Artemis

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

appearedverbUS /əˈpɪrd/

past form of “appear” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading _MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the “St. James’s Gazette.”

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

authornounUS /ˈɔːθər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

ballnounUS /bɔːl/

round object that is hit or thrown or kicked in games

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

BaronnounUS /ˈbærən/

a nobleman (in various countries) of varying rank

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

believedverbUS /bɪˈliːvd/

past form of “believe” — accept as true; take to be true

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

boonnounUS /buːn/

a desirable state

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

Bradwardine

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

brothernounUS /ˈbrʌðər/

a male with the same parents as someone else

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

BROUGHTON

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the “St. James’s Gazette.”

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

CHICKENnounUS /ˈtʃɪkən/

the flesh of a chicken used for food

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

ClubnounUS /klʌb/

a team of professional baseball players who play and travel together

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

companionnounUS /kəmˈpænjən/

a friend who is frequently in the company of another

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

composedadjectiveUS /kəmˈpoʊzd/

serenely self-possessed and free from agitation especially in times of stress

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

copiedverbUS /ˈkɑːpid/

inflected form of “copy” — copy down as is

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

DOMBEY

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

essaynounUS /eˈseɪ/

an analytic or interpretive literary composition

From this reading A few prefatory notes, an introductory essay, and two letters have been added.

evidencenounUS /ˈevədəns/

your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading A few prefatory notes, an introductory essay, and two letters have been added.

friendlyadjectiveUS /ˈfrendli/

characteristic of or befitting a friend

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

frontispiecenoun

an ornamental facade

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

GazettenounUS /ɡəˈzet/

a newspaper or official journal

From this reading _MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the “St. James’s Gazette.”

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

Hodge

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading _MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the “St. James’s Gazette.”

internaladjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtɜːrnəl/

happening or arising or located within some limits or especially surface

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

introductoryadjectiveUS /ˌɪntrəˈdʌktəri/

serving to open or begin

From this reading A few prefatory notes, an introductory essay, and two letters have been added.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

James'snounUS /ˈdʒeɪmzɪz/

possessive form of “james” — a Stuart king of Scotland who married a daughter of Henry VII; when England and France went to war in 1513 he invaded England and died in defeat at Flodden (1473-1513)

From this reading _MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the “St. James’s Gazette.”

lettersnounUS /ˈletərz/

the literary culture

From this reading A few prefatory notes, an introductory essay, and two letters have been added.

lyricadjectiveUS /ˈlɪrɪk/

expressing deep emotion

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

Messrs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

MISSverbUS /mɪs/

fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind

From this reading _MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the “St. James’s Gazette.”

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

nonadverbUS /nɑːn/

negation of a word or group of words

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

notesnounUS /noʊts/

plural of “note” — a brief written record

From this reading A few prefatory notes, an introductory essay, and two letters have been added.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

omittedverbUS /oʊˈmɪtəd/

inflected form of “omit” — prevent from being included or considered or accepted

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

originallyadverbUS /ərˈɪdʒənəli/

in an original manner

From this reading _MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the “St. James’s Gazette.”

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

paintingnounUS /ˈpeɪntɪŋ/

graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

patronnounUS /ˈpeɪtrən/

a regular customer

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

poma

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

portraitnounUS /ˈpɔːrtrət/

a word picture of a person's appearance and character

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

PREFACEnounUS /ˈprefəs/

a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book

From this reading _MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the “St. James’s Gazette.”

prefatoryadjective

serving as an introduction or preface

From this reading A few prefatory notes, an introductory essay, and two letters have been added.

purportingverbUS /pərˈpɔːrtɪŋ/

-ing form of “purport” — have the often specious appearance of being, intending, or claiming

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

representverbUS /ˌreprɪˈzent/

take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

restverbUS /rest/

not move; be in a resting position

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

RHODA

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the “St. James’s Gazette.”

RICHARD

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

SONnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the “St. James’s Gazette.”

studiesnounUS /ˈstʌdiz/

plural of “study” — a detailed critical inspection

From this reading _MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the “St. James’s Gazette.”

sua

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

SWIVELLER

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

TnounUS /tiː/

a base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine

From this reading The portrait in the frontispiece, copied by Mr. T. Hodge from an old painting in the Club at St. Andrews, is believed to represent the Baron Bradwardine addressing himself to his ball.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the “St. James’s Gazette.”

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading _MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the “St. James’s Gazette.”

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

TOOTSnounUS /tuːts/

plural of “toot” — a blast of a horn

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

TwonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Two, from a friendly hand, have been omitted here by the author of the rest, as _non sua poma_.

volumenounUS /ˈvɑːljuːm/

the amount of 3-dimensional space occupied by an object

From this reading _MISS RHODA BROUGHTON_ PREFACE THE studies in this volume originally appeared in the “St. James’s Gazette.”

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading One was by Mr. RICHARD SWIVELLER to a boon companion and brother in the lyric Apollo; the other, though purporting to have been addressed by Messrs. DOMBEY & SON to Mr. TOOTS, is believed, on internal evidence, to have been composed by the patron of the CHICKEN himself.

Chapter 1 of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody by Andrew Lang holds 143 sentences, grouped into 29 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody contain?

Chapter 1 holds 143 sentences of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody, unabridged, divided into 29 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody by Andrew Lang exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 143 sentences, grouped into 29 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody?

Work through the 29 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 29 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody

Common questions about reading Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody by Andrew Lang on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody?

Yes. All 1449 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #1991 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #1991, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody take to read?

About 120 minutes of reading across 290 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody section by section

How to work through Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 9 chapters of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody

Words and structures a reader meets early in Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Rhoda
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Broughton
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Preface
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Studies
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.