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Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody
Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody is here in full — 165 sentences across 33 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/33 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE FRAGMENT OF THE FAUSE LOVER AND THE DEAD LEMAN.
O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.
O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the [loch and heather], And still it was his dead Lady That [held his stirrup leather].
O Willie, tak me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”
Gae back, gae back, ye fause ill wife, To the grave wherein ye lie, It never was seen that a dead leman Kept lover’s company!
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody is here in full — 165 sentences across 33 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/33 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE FRAGMENT OF THE FAUSE LOVER AND THE DEAD LEMAN.
Line 2
O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.
Line 3
O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the [loch and heather], And still it was his dead Lady That [held his stirrup leather].
Line 4
O Willie, takme up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O takme on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”
Line 5
Gae back, gae back, ye fause ill wife, To the grave wherein ye lie, It never was seen that a dead leman Kept lover’s company!

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

fragment noun US /ˈfræɡ.mənt/

A small part broken or separated off something larger.

From this reading “THE FRAGMENT OF THE FAUSE LOVER AND THE DEAD LEMAN.”

gang noun US /ɡæŋ/

an association of criminals

From this reading ““O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].””

heather noun US /ˈheðər/

common Old World heath represented by many varieties; low evergreen grown widely in the northern hemisphere

From this reading “O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the [loch and heather], And still it was his dead Lady That [held his stirrup leather].”

leather noun US /ˈleðər/

an animal skin made smooth and flexible by removing the hair and then tanning

From this reading “O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the [loch and heather], And still it was his dead Lady That [held his stirrup leather].”

loch noun US /lɑːk/

a long narrow inlet of the sea in Scotland (especially when it is nearly landlocked)

From this reading “O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the [loch and heather], And still it was his dead Lady That [held his stirrup leather].”

lover's noun US /ˈlʌvərz/

possessive form of “lover” — a person who loves someone or is loved by someone

saddle verb US /ˈsædəl/

put a saddle on

From this reading ““O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].””

stirrup noun US /ˈstɜːrəp/

support consisting of metal loops into which rider's feet go

From this reading “O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the [loch and heather], And still it was his dead Lady That [held his stirrup leather].”

All words in this reading · 61

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading “Gae back, gae back, ye fause ill wife, To the grave wherein ye lie, It never was seen that a dead leman Kept lover’s company!

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE FRAGMENT OF THE FAUSE LOVER AND THE DEAD LEMAN.

Atween

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading “Gae back, gae back, ye fause ill wife, To the grave wherein ye lie, It never was seen that a dead leman Kept lover’s company!

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

bownounUS /baʊ/

a knot with two loops and loose ends; used to tie shoelaces

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

companynounUS /ˈkʌmpəniː/

an institution created to conduct business

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

DEADadjectiveUS /ded/

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading THE FRAGMENT OF THE FAUSE LOVER AND THE DEAD LEMAN.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

FAUSE

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE FRAGMENT OF THE FAUSE LOVER AND THE DEAD LEMAN.

FRAGMENTnounUS /ˈfræɡ.mənt/

A small part broken or separated off something larger.

From this reading THE FRAGMENT OF THE FAUSE LOVER AND THE DEAD LEMAN.

Gae

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “Gae back, gae back, ye fause ill wife, To the grave wherein ye lie, It never was seen that a dead leman Kept lover’s company!

gaed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

gangnounUS /ɡæŋ/

an association of criminals

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

gravenounUS /ɡreɪv/

death of a person

From this reading “Gae back, gae back, ye fause ill wife, To the grave wherein ye lie, It never was seen that a dead leman Kept lover’s company!

heathernounUS /ˈheðər/

common Old World heath represented by many varieties; low evergreen grown widely in the northern hemisphere

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the [loch and heather], And still it was his dead Lady That [held his stirrup leather].

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the [loch and heather], And still it was his dead Lady That [held his stirrup leather].

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

illadjectiveUS /ɪl/

affected by an impairment of normal physical or mental function

From this reading “Gae back, gae back, ye fause ill wife, To the grave wherein ye lie, It never was seen that a dead leman Kept lover’s company!

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

keptadjectiveUS /kept/

(especially of promises or contracts) not violated or disregarded

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

LadynounUS /ˈleɪdi/

a polite name for any woman

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

lang

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

leathernounUS /ˈleðər/

an animal skin made smooth and flexible by removing the hair and then tanning

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the [loch and heather], And still it was his dead Lady That [held his stirrup leather].

LEMAN

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE FRAGMENT OF THE FAUSE LOVER AND THE DEAD LEMAN.

lieverbUS /laɪ/

be located or situated somewhere; occupy a certain position

From this reading “Gae back, gae back, ye fause ill wife, To the grave wherein ye lie, It never was seen that a dead leman Kept lover’s company!

lochnounUS /lɑːk/

a long narrow inlet of the sea in Scotland (especially when it is nearly landlocked)

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the [loch and heather], And still it was his dead Lady That [held his stirrup leather].

LOVERnounUS /ˈlʌvər/

a person who loves someone or is loved by someone

From this reading THE FRAGMENT OF THE FAUSE LOVER AND THE DEAD LEMAN.

lover'snounUS /ˈlʌvərz/

possessive form of “lover” — a person who loves someone or is loved by someone

From this reading “Gae back, gae back, ye fause ill wife, To the grave wherein ye lie, It never was seen that a dead leman Kept lover’s company!

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading “Gae back, gae back, ye fause ill wife, To the grave wherein ye lie, It never was seen that a dead leman Kept lover’s company!

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

OnounUS /oʊ/

a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earth's crust

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE FRAGMENT OF THE FAUSE LOVER AND THE DEAD LEMAN.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

OrconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

rade

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

saddleverbUS /ˈsædəl/

put a saddle on

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

Sae

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading “Gae back, gae back, ye fause ill wife, To the grave wherein ye lie, It never was seen that a dead leman Kept lover’s company!

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

shorenounUS /ʃɔːr/

the land along the edge of a body of water

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

stirrupnounUS /ˈstɜːrəp/

support consisting of metal loops into which rider's feet go

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the [loch and heather], And still it was his dead Lady That [held his stirrup leather].

tak

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE FRAGMENT OF THE FAUSE LOVER AND THE DEAD LEMAN.

ToparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading “Gae back, gae back, ye fause ill wife, To the grave wherein ye lie, It never was seen that a dead leman Kept lover’s company!

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

wherein

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “Gae back, gae back, ye fause ill wife, To the grave wherein ye lie, It never was seen that a dead leman Kept lover’s company!

wifenounUS /waɪf/

a married woman; a man's partner in marriage

From this reading “Gae back, gae back, ye fause ill wife, To the grave wherein ye lie, It never was seen that a dead leman Kept lover’s company!

Willie

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading O Willie rade, and Willie gaed Atween the shore and sea, And still it was his dead Lady That kept him company.

yepronounUS /jiː/

an old word for “you”, speaking to more than one person

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading “O Willie, tak’ me up by ye, Sae far it is I gang; O tak’ me on your saddle bow, Or [your day shall not be lang].”

Chapter 4 of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody by Andrew Lang holds 165 sentences, grouped into 33 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody contain?

Chapter 4 holds 165 sentences of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody, unabridged, divided into 33 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody by Andrew Lang exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 165 sentences, grouped into 33 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody?

Work through the 33 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 33 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody

Common questions about reading Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody by Andrew Lang on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody?

Yes. All 1449 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #1991 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #1991, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody take to read?

About 120 minutes of reading across 290 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody section by section

How to work through Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody

Words and structures a reader meets early in Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Rhoda
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Broughton
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Preface
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Studies
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.