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Old Fritz and the New Era
Old Fritz and the New Era

Chapter XX · Chapter 20

Chapter 20 of Old Fritz and the New Era is here in full — 229 sentences across 46 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/45 · 5 lines
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THE KING AND THE AUSTRIAN DIPLOMAT.
Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.
The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.
The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.
In the skirmishes at the outposts the Prussians had been victorious.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Old Fritz and the New Era

Chapter XX · Chapter 20

Chapter 20 of Old Fritz and the New Era is here in full — 229 sentences across 46 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/45 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE KING AND THE AUSTRIAN DIPLOMAT.
/ðə kɪŋ ənd ðə ˈɔːstriən ˈdɪpləmæt/
Line 2
Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.
/ˈfredrɪk kəˈmenst ðə kæmˈpeɪn əˈɡenst ðə haʊs ʌv ˈhæpsbərɡ wɪð ɔːl ðə ˈenərdʒi ənd boʊld ˈkɜːrədʒ ʌv ˈfɔːrmər deɪz/
Line 3
The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.
Line 4
The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.
Line 5
In the skirmishes at the outposts the Prussians had been victorious.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Bohemia noun US /boʊˈhiːmiə/

a historical area and former kingdom in the Czech Republic

From this reading “The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.”

diplomat noun US /ˈdɪpləmæt/

an official engaged in international negotiations

From this reading “THE KING AND THE AUSTRIAN DIPLOMAT.”

diplomats noun US /ˈdɪpləmæts/

plural of “diplomat” — an official engaged in international negotiations

From this reading “The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.”

Elbe noun US /elb/

a river in central Europe that arises in northwestern Czechoslovakia and flows northward through Germany to empty into the North Sea

From this reading “The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.”

Hapsburg noun US /ˈhæpsbərɡ/

a royal German family that provided rulers for several European states and wore the crown of the Holy Roman Empire from 1440 to 1806

From this reading “Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.”

negotiation noun US /nɪˌɡoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/

a discussion intended to produce an agreement

From this reading “The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.”

outposts noun US /ˈaʊtpoʊsts/

plural of “outpost” — a station in a remote or sparsely populated location

From this reading “In the skirmishes at the outposts the Prussians had been victorious.”

skirmishes noun US /ˈskɜːrmɪʃɪz/

plural of “skirmish” — a minor short-term fight

From this reading “In the skirmishes at the outposts the Prussians had been victorious.”

All words in this reading · 60

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

advance-guard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

advancedadjectiveUS /ədˈvænst/

farther along in physical or mental development

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE KING AND THE AUSTRIAN DIPLOMAT.

approachverbUS /əˈproʊtʃ/

move towards

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

artsnounUS /ɑːrts/

studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills)

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

AUSTRIANnounUS /ˈɔːstriən/

a native or inhabitant of Austria

From this reading THE KING AND THE AUSTRIAN DIPLOMAT.

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

beyondprepositionUS /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

BohemianounUS /boʊˈhiːmiə/

a historical area and former kingdom in the Czech Republic

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

boldadjectiveUS /boʊld/

fearless and daring

From this reading Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.

campaignnounUS /kæmˈpeɪn/

a race between candidates for elective office

From this reading Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.

commencedverbUS /kəˈmenst/

past form of “commence” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.

couragenounUS /ˈkɜːrədʒ/

a quality of spirit that enables you to face danger or pain without showing fear

From this reading Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.

decisiveadjectiveUS /dɪˈsaɪsɪv/

determining or having the power to determine an outcome

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

DIPLOMATnounUS /ˈdɪpləmæt/

an official engaged in international negotiations

From this reading THE KING AND THE AUSTRIAN DIPLOMAT.

diplomatsnounUS /ˈdɪpləmæts/

plural of “diplomat” — an official engaged in international negotiations

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

ElbenounUS /elb/

a river in central Europe that arises in northwestern Czechoslovakia and flows northward through Germany to empty into the North Sea

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

enemynounUS /ˈenəmi/

an opposing military force

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

energynounUS /ˈenərdʒi/

(physics) a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical system to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs

From this reading Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.

enteredverbUS /ˈentərd/

past form of “enter” — to come or go into

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

failedverbUS /feɪld/

past form of “fail” — fail to do something; leave something undone

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

formeradjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmər/

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.

FredericknounUS /ˈfredrɪk/

a town in northern Maryland to the west of Baltimore

From this reading Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

HapsburgnounUS /ˈhæpsbərɡ/

a royal German family that provided rulers for several European states and wore the crown of the Holy Roman Empire from 1440 to 1806

From this reading Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.

hurriedlyadverbUS /ˈhɜːridli/

in a hurried or hasty manner

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

imperialadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɪriəl/

relating to or associated with an empire

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In the skirmishes at the outposts the Prussians had been victorious.

informedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈfɔːrmd/

having much knowledge or education

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

intrenchments

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

KINGnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading THE KING AND THE AUSTRIAN DIPLOMAT.

Koeniggratz

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

negotiationnounUS /nɪˌɡoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/

a discussion intended to produce an agreement

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

outpostsnounUS /ˈaʊtpoʊsts/

plural of “outpost” — a station in a remote or sparsely populated location

From this reading In the skirmishes at the outposts the Prussians had been victorious.

permittedverbUS /pərˈmɪtɪd/

inflected form of “permit” — consent to, give permission

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

Prussians

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the skirmishes at the outposts the Prussians had been victorious.

rapidlyadverbUS /ˈræpədli/

with speed

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

retiredadjectiveUS /rɪˈtaɪrd/

no longer active in your work or profession

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

seekverbUS /siːk/

try to get or reach

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

skirmishesnounUS /ˈskɜːrmɪʃɪz/

plural of “skirmish” — a minor short-term fight

From this reading In the skirmishes at the outposts the Prussians had been victorious.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE KING AND THE AUSTRIAN DIPLOMAT.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The diplomats had once more been permitted to seek the arts of negotiation, and, these having failed, the king advanced rapidly, and entered Bohemia with his advance-guard.

victoriousadjectiveUS /vɪkˈtɔːriəs/

having won

From this reading In the skirmishes at the outposts the Prussians had been victorious.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Frederick commenced the campaign against the house of Hapsburg with all the energy and bold courage of former days.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading The imperial army, informed of the approach of the enemy, retired hurriedly to their intrenchments at Koeniggratz, beyond the Elbe, without a decisive battle.

Chapter 20 of Old Fritz and the New Era by L. (Luise) Mühlbach holds 229 sentences, grouped into 46 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of Old Fritz and the New Era contain?

Chapter 20 holds 229 sentences of Old Fritz and the New Era, unabridged, divided into 46 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of Old Fritz and the New Era by L. (Luise) Mühlbach exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 229 sentences, grouped into 46 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of Old Fritz and the New Era?

Work through the 46 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 46 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Old Fritz and the New Era

Common questions about reading Old Fritz and the New Era by L. (Luise) Mühlbach on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Old Fritz and the New Era?

Yes. All 7541 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #3460 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Old Fritz and the New Era is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #3460, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Old Fritz and the New Era take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1509 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Old Fritz and the New Era section by section

How to work through Old Fritz and the New Era section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 38 chapters of Old Fritz and the New Era to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Old Fritz and the New Era

Words and structures a reader meets early in Old Fritz and the New Era, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Storm
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Old Fritz and the New Era; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Pressure
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Old Fritz and the New Era; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Austrian
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Old Fritz and the New Era; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Diplomat
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Old Fritz and the New Era; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.