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On the Study of Words
On the Study of Words

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of On the Study of Words is here in full — 435 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/87 · 5 lines
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Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.
It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.
These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.
In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:
'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

On the Study of Words

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of On the Study of Words is here in full — 435 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/87 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.
Line 2
It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.
Line 3
These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.
/ðiːz ɑːr soʊ ˈlɪtəl felt tuː biː ˈeɪliən tuː ðə ˈspɪrət ʌv ˈpoʊətri ðæt ðeɪ ɪɡˈzɪst ɪn lɑːrdʒ ˈnʌmbərz ənd ˈɔːfən lend tuː ðə ˈpoʊəm ɪn wɪtʃ ðeɪ faɪnd ə pleɪs ə tʃɑːrm ənd ˈɪntrəst ʌv ðer oʊn/
Line 4
In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:
Line 5
'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Abhorred verb US /əbˈhɔːrd/

inflected form of “abhor” — find repugnant

From this reading “'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'”

fabled adjective US /ˈfeɪbəld/

celebrated in fable or legend

From this reading “In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:”

inflame verb US /ɪnˈfleɪm/

cause inflammation in

From this reading “'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'”

instructive adjective US /ˌɪnˈstrʌktɪv/

serving to instruct or enlighten or inform

From this reading “It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.”

introduces verb US /ˌɪntrəˈduːsɪz/

third-person singular of “introduce” — cause to come to know personally

From this reading “In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:”

nome noun US /noʊm/

a town in western Alaska on the southern coast of the Seward Peninsula; an important center of an Alaskan gold rush at the beginning of the 20th century

From this reading “Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.”

rueful adjective US /ˈruːfəl/

feeling or expressing pain or sorrow for sins or offenses

From this reading “'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'”

Styx noun US /stɪks/

(Greek mythology) a river in Hades across which Charon carried dead souls

From this reading “'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'”

All words in this reading · 105

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

AbhorredverbUS /əbˈhɔːrd/

inflected form of “abhor” — find repugnant

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

Acheronnoun

(Greek mythology) a river in Hades across which the souls of the dead were carried by Charon

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

alienadjectiveUS /ˈeɪliən/

not contained in or deriving from the essential nature of something

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

bello

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

blackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

charmnounUS /tʃɑːrm/

attractiveness that interests or pleases or stimulates

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

Cocytusnoun

(Greek mythology) a river in Hades that was said to be a tributary of the Acheron

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

collectionnounUS /kəˈlekʃən/

several things grouped together or considered as a whole

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

deadlyadjectiveUS /ˈdedli/

causing or capable of causing death

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

deepadjectiveUS /diːp/

relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

denno

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

di

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

drawverbUS /drɔː/

cause to move by pulling

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

eranounUS /ˈerə/

a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

escapenounUS /ɪˈskeɪp/

the act of escaping physically

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

etymologies

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

existverbUS /ɪɡˈzɪst/

have an existence, be extant

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

fabledadjectiveUS /ˈfeɪbəld/

celebrated in fable or legend

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

feltverbUS /felt/

mat together and make felt-like

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

fierceadjectiveUS /fɪrs/

marked by extreme and violent energy

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

fiori

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

fireverbUS /ˈfaɪər/

start firing a weapon

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

fivenounUS /faɪv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

floodnounUS /flʌd/

the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

hatenounUS /heɪt/

the emotion of intense dislike; a feeling of dislike so strong that it demands action

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

HeardadjectiveUS /hɜːrd/

detected or perceived by the sense of hearing

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

hellnounUS /hel/

any place of pain and turmoil

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

ilnounUS /ɪl/

a midwestern state in north-central United States

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

inflameverbUS /ɪnˈfleɪm/

cause inflammation in

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

ingloria

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

instructiveadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈstrʌktɪv/

serving to instruct or enlighten or inform

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

introducesverbUS /ˌɪntrəˈduːsɪz/

third-person singular of “introduce” — cause to come to know personally

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

lamentationnoun

a cry of sorrow and grief

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

LenounUS /lə/

a chronic inflammatory collagen disease affecting connective tissue (skin or joints)

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

lendverbUS /lend/

bestow a quality on

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

linesnounUS /laɪnz/

plural of “line” — a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

LostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

loudadjectiveUS /laʊd/

characterized by or producing sound of great volume or intensity

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

MiltonnounUS /ˈmɪltən/

English poet; remembered primarily as the author of an epic poem describing humanity's fall from grace (1608-1674)

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

namedverbUS /neɪmd/

past form of “name” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

namelyadverbUS /ˈneɪmli/

as follows

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

nomenounUS /noʊm/

a town in western Alaska on the southern coast of the Seward Peninsula; an important center of an Alaskan gold rush at the beginning of the 20th century

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

noticenounUS /ˈnoʊtəs/

an announcement containing information about an event

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

numbersnounUS /ˈnʌmbərz/

the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

oude

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

ParadisenounUS /ˈperədaɪs/

any place of complete bliss and delight and peace

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

Phlegethon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

poemnounUS /ˈpoʊəm/

a composition written in metrical feet forming rhythmical lines

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

poetrynounUS /ˈpoʊətri/

literature in metrical form

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

Poichè

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

posta

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

prato

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

ragenounUS /reɪdʒ/

a feeling of intense anger

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

readernounUS /ˈriːdər/

a person who enjoys reading

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

riversnounUS /ˈrɪvərz/

plural of “river” — a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

ruefuladjectiveUS /ˈruːfəl/

feeling or expressing pain or sorrow for sins or offenses

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

snounUS /es/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

SadadjectiveUS /sæd/

experiencing or showing sorrow or unhappiness

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

sometimesadverbUS /səmˈtaɪmz/

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

sorrownounUS /ˈsɑːroʊ/

an emotion of great sadness associated with loss or bereavement

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

streamnounUS /striːm/

a natural body of running water flowing on or under the earth

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

StyxnounUS /stɪks/

(Greek mythology) a river in Hades across which Charon carried dead souls

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading These are so little felt to be alien to the spirit of poetry, that they exist in large numbers, and often lend to the poem in which they find a place a charm and interest of their own.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

torrentnounUS /ˈtɔːrənt/

a heavy rain

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

unnounUS /ʌn/

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

From this reading Poichè era posta in un prato di fiori, Le denno il nome bello, oude s' ingloria.

versenounUS /vɜːrs/

literature in metrical form

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

wavesnounUS /weɪvz/

plural of “wave” — one of a series of ridges that moves across the surface of a liquid (especially across a large body of water)

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

WhosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading In five lines of _Paradise Lost_ Milton introduces four such etymologies, namely, those of the four fabled rivers of hell, though this will sometimes escape the notice of the English reader:

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading 'Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly _hate_, Sad Acheron of _sorrow_, black and deep, Cocytus, named of _lamentation_ loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent _fire_ inflame with rage.'

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

wovenadjectiveUS /ˈwoʊvən/

made or constructed by interlacing threads or strips of material or other elements into a whole

From this reading It would be instructive to draw together a collection of etymologies which have been woven into verse.

Chapter 1 of On the Study of Words by Richard Chenevix Trench holds 435 sentences, grouped into 87 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of On the Study of Words contain?

Chapter 1 holds 435 sentences of On the Study of Words, unabridged, divided into 87 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of On the Study of Words by Richard Chenevix Trench exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 435 sentences, grouped into 87 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of On the Study of Words?

Work through the 87 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 87 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading On the Study of Words

Common questions about reading On the Study of Words by Richard Chenevix Trench on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of On the Study of Words?

Yes. All 2146 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #6480 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of On the Study of Words is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #6480, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does On the Study of Words take to read?

About 178 minutes of reading across 430 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through On the Study of Words section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in On the Study of Words

Words and structures a reader meets early in On the Study of Words, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Poich
A word that appears in the opening chapter of On the Study of Words; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Posta
A word that appears in the opening chapter of On the Study of Words; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Prato
A word that appears in the opening chapter of On the Study of Words; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fiori
A word that appears in the opening chapter of On the Study of Words; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.