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On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other
On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other is here in full — 411 sentences across 83 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other
Context Illustration Reading 1/82 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.
[The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.
20).
Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.
In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other is here in full — 411 sentences across 83 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/82 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.
Line 2
[The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.
Line 3
20).
Line 4
Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.
Line 5
In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

cohesion noun US /koʊˈhiːʒən/

the state of cohering or sticking together

From this reading “In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.”

fig noun US /fɪɡ/

a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading “[The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.”

internal adjective US /ˌɪnˈtɜːrnəl/

happening or arising or located within some limits or especially surface

From this reading “In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.”

mica noun US /ˈmaɪkə/

any of various minerals consisting of hydrous silicates of aluminum or potassium etc. that crystallize in forms that allow perfect cleavage into very thin leaves; used as dielectrics because of their resistance to electricity

From this reading “[The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.”

particles noun US /ˈpɑːrtəkəlz/

plural of “particle” — (nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything

From this reading “In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.”

produces noun US /prəˈduːsəz/

plural of “produce” — fresh fruits and vegetable grown for the market

From this reading “[The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.”

spar verb US /spɑːr/

furnish with spars

From this reading “Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.”

split verb US /splɪt/

separate into parts or portions

From this reading “Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

most beautiful adverb + adjective

In this reading “Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.”

Look at verb + particle

take into consideration for exemplifying purposes

In this reading “Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.”

split up verb + adjective

an increase in the number of outstanding shares of a corporation without changing the shareholders' equity

In this reading “Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.”

little piece adjective + noun

In this reading “Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.”

All words in this reading · 74

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

20

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 20).

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

actsnounUS /ækts/

a New Testament book describing the development of the early church from Christ's Ascension to Paul's sojourn at Rome

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

arrangementnounUS /ərˈeɪndʒmənt/

the thing arranged or agreed to

From this reading In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading [The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.

beautifuladjectiveUS /ˈbjuːtəfəl/

delighting the senses or exciting intellectual or emotional admiration

From this reading Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.

blackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading [The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.

calc-spar

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.

calcareousadjective

composed of or containing or resembling calcium carbonate or calcite or chalk

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

cohesionnounUS /koʊˈhiːʒən/

the state of cohering or sticking together

From this reading In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.

coloursnounUS /ˈkʌlərz/

a distinguishing emblem

From this reading Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.

crossverbUS /krɔːs/

travel across or pass over

From this reading [The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

enjoyverbUS /ˌenˈdʒɔɪ/

derive or receive pleasure from; get enjoyment from; take pleasure in

From this reading Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.

fignounUS /fɪɡ/

a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading [The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.

goingnounUS /ˈɡoʊɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

homenounUS /hoʊm/

where you live at a particular time

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.

internaladjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtɜːrnəl/

happening or arising or located within some limits or especially surface

From this reading In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

introducedverbUS /ˌɪntrəˈduːst/

past form of “introduce” — cause to come to know personally

From this reading [The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

LookverbUS /lʊk/

perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.

mannernounUS /ˈmænər/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.

micanounUS /ˈmaɪkə/

any of various minerals consisting of hydrous silicates of aluminum or potassium etc. that crystallize in forms that allow perfect cleavage into very thin leaves; used as dielectrics because of their resistance to electricity

From this reading [The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

openverbUS /ˈoʊ.pən/

To move from a closed position.

From this reading In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.

particlesnounUS /ˈpɑːrtəkəlz/

plural of “particle” — (nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything

From this reading In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.

piecenounUS /piːs/

a separate part of a whole

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

producesnounUS /prəˈduːsəz/

plural of “produce” — fresh fruits and vegetable grown for the market

From this reading [The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.

removedadjectiveUS /riˈmuːvd/

separated in relationship by a given degree of descent

From this reading [The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.

rhombs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

ringsnounUS /rɪŋz/

gymnastic apparatus consisting of a pair of heavy metal circles (usually covered with leather) suspended by ropes; used for gymnastic exercises

From this reading [The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.

roundnounUS /raʊnd/

a charge of ammunition for a single shot

From this reading [The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

sparverbUS /spɑːr/

furnish with spars

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

splitverbUS /splɪt/

separate into parts or portions

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

stonenounUS /stoʊn/

a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading [The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading [The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Look at those colours--are they not most beautiful for you and for me?--for I enjoy these things as much as you do.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

turnsnounUS /tɜːrnz/

plural of “turn” — a circular segment of a curve

From this reading [The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading [The mica was removed, and a piece of calc-spar introduced at A.] See how that turns the light round and round, and produces these rings and that black cross (fig.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

wonderfuladjectiveUS /ˈwʌndərfəl/

extraordinarily good or great; used especially as intensifiers

From this reading In what a wonderful manner they open out to us the internal arrangement of the particles of this calcareous spar by the force of cohesion.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Now we will see how calcareous spar acts upon this light,--that stone which split up into rhombs, and of which you are each of you going to take a little piece home.

Chapter 2 of On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other by Michael Faraday holds 411 sentences, grouped into 83 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other contain?

Chapter 2 holds 411 sentences of On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other, unabridged, divided into 83 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other by Michael Faraday exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 411 sentences, grouped into 83 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other?

Work through the 83 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 83 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other by Michael Faraday on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 4599 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #52293 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #52293, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 383 minutes of reading across 920 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other

Words and structures a reader meets early in On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Various
A word that appears in the opening chapter of On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Forces
A word that appears in the opening chapter of On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Nature
A word that appears in the opening chapter of On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Works
A word that appears in the opening chapter of On the Various Forces of Nature and Their Relations to Each Other; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.