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Our business civilization
Our business civilization

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Our business civilization is here in full — 132 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/26 · 5 lines
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MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.
Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.
Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.
Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.
For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Our business civilization

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Our business civilization is here in full — 132 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/26 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.
/mæs prəˈdʌkʃən ənd ˌɪntəˈlektʃuːəl prəˈdʌkʃən mæs prəˈdʌkʃən ənd ˌɪntəˈlektʃuːəl prəˈdʌkʃən ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən ɪn əˈmerəkə wer ðer ɑːr əˈbaʊt ˈsevən ˈhʌndrəd ˈθaʊzənd ˈstuːdənts ɪn ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃənz ʌv kəˈliːdʒɪt ræŋk əˈloʊn hæz bɪˈkʌm ˈɔːlmoʊst ə ˈmeɪdʒər ˈɪndəstri/
Line 2
Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.
/ˌɔːlˈðoʊ ˈtiːtʃərz ɑːr nɑːt jet ˈɔːrɡənaɪzd ˈɪntuː treɪd ˈjuːnjənz ðer ɪz ə ˈɡreɪtər koʊˈhiːʒən əˈmʌŋ ðem æz ə ˈbɑːdi ðæn ðer ɪz əˈmʌŋ ˈɑːrtɪsts ˈdʒɜːrnələsts ˈklɜːrdʒimɪn ˈɔːθərz ənd ˈʌðər men ˈliːdɪŋ wʌt meɪ ˈluːsli biː kɔːld ðə ɑːrˈtɪstɪk ɔːr ˌɪntəˈlektʃuːəl laɪf/
Line 3
Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.
Line 4
Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.
/stəˈtɪstɪks ʌv ˈɪnkʌm ɑːr ˈredəli əˈveɪləbəl ənd θæŋks tuː tuː ˈriːsənt ˈstʌdiz wʌn meɪd ʌv ðə ˈfækəlti ʌv jeɪl ənd ðə ˈʌðər ʌv ðæt ʌv ðə ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsəti ʌv ˌkæləˈfɔːrnjə wiː hæv ˈveri ˈdefənət ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃən æz tuː ðer dɪˈteɪld ɪkˈspensəz/
Line 5
For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.
/fɔːr ðiːz ˈveriəs ˈriːzənz ðə ˈkwestʃən ʌv ðə prəˈfeʃənəl ˈɪnkʌm ʌv ðə ˌɪntəˈlektʃuːəl ˈwɜːrkər ənd ɪts riˈleɪʃən tuː ðə ˈdʒenərəl weɪdʒ ɔːr ˈɪnkʌm skeɪl ʌv ðə ˈkʌntri ənd ðə ˈstændərd ʌv ˈlɪvɪŋ hæz ˈlɑːrdʒli bɪn kənˈfaɪnd tuː ðə ˈtiːtʃər/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

clergymen noun US /ˈklɜːrdʒimɪn/

plural of “clergyman” — a member of the clergy and a spiritual leader of the Christian Church

From this reading “Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.”

cohesion noun US /koʊˈhiːʒən/

the state of cohering or sticking together

From this reading “Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.”

collegiate adjective US /kəˈliːdʒɪt/

of or resembling or typical of a college or college students

From this reading “MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.”

economic adjective US /ˌekəˈnɑːmɪk/

of or relating to an economy, the system of production and management of material wealth

From this reading “Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.”

journalists noun US /ˈdʒɜːrnələsts/

plural of “journalist” — a writer for newspapers and magazines

From this reading “Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.”

professor's noun US /prəˈfesərz/

possessive form of “professor” — someone who is a member of the faculty at a college or university

Statistics noun US /stəˈtɪstɪks/

a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation of quantitative data and the use of probability theory to estimate population parameters

From this reading “Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.”

unions noun US /ˈjuːnjənz/

plural of “union” — an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer

From this reading “Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

trade unions noun + noun counted as “trade union”

an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer

In this reading “Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.”

definite information adjective + noun

In this reading “Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.”

hundred thousand noun + noun

the cardinal number that is the fifth power of ten

In this reading “MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.”

seven hundred noun + noun

In this reading “MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.”

intellectual life adjective + noun

In this reading “Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.”

various reasons adjective + noun counted as “various reason”

In this reading “For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.”

about seven preposition + noun

In this reading “MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.”

other men adjective + noun

In this reading “Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.”

All words in this reading · 114

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

AlthoughconjunctionUS /ˌɔːlˈðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

AmericanounUS /əˈmerəkə/

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

artisticadjectiveUS /ɑːrˈtɪstɪk/

relating to or characteristic of art or artists

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

artistsnounUS /ˈɑːrtɪsts/

plural of “artist” — a person whose creative work shows sensitivity and imagination

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.

authorsnounUS /ˈɔːθərz/

plural of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

availableadjectiveUS /əˈveɪləbəl/

obtainable or accessible and ready for use or service

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

CalifornianounUS /ˌkæləˈfɔːrnjə/

a state in the western United States on the Pacific; the 3rd largest state; known for earthquakes

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

casenounUS /keɪs/

an occurrence of something

From this reading Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.

clergymennounUS /ˈklɜːrdʒimɪn/

plural of “clergyman” — a member of the clergy and a spiritual leader of the Christian Church

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

cohesionnounUS /koʊˈhiːʒən/

the state of cohering or sticking together

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

collegiateadjectiveUS /kəˈliːdʒɪt/

of or resembling or typical of a college or college students

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

confinedadjectiveUS /kənˈfaɪnd/

not invading healthy tissue

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

definiteadjectiveUS /ˈdefənət/

precise; explicit and clearly defined

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

detailedadjectiveUS /dɪˈteɪld/

developed or executed with care and in minute detail

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.

easieradjectiveUS /ˈiːziər/

comparative of “easy” — posing no difficulty; requiring little effort

From this reading Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.

economicadjectiveUS /ˌekəˈnɑːmɪk/

of or relating to an economy, the system of production and management of material wealth

From this reading Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.

EducationnounUS /ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən/

the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

expensesnounUS /ɪkˈspensəz/

plural of “expense” — amounts paid for goods and services that may be currently tax deductible (as opposed to capital expenditures)

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

facultynounUS /ˈfækəlti/

one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

generaladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

getverbUS /ɡet/

come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.

greateradjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtər/

greater in size or importance or degree

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

householdnounUS /ˈhaʊshoʊld/

a social unit living together

From this reading Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

incomenounUS /ˈɪnkʌm/

the financial gain (earned or unearned) accruing over a given period of time

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

industrynounUS /ˈɪndəstri/

the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

informationnounUS /ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃən/

a message received and understood

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

institutionsnounUS /ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃənz/

plural of “institution” — an organization founded and united for a specific purpose

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

INTELLECTUALadjectiveUS /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuːəl/

of or associated with or requiring the use of the mind

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

journalistsnounUS /ˈdʒɜːrnələsts/

plural of “journalist” — a writer for newspapers and magazines

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

largelyadverbUS /ˈlɑːrdʒli/

in large part; mainly or chiefly

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

leadingadjectiveUS /ˈliːdɪŋ/

indicating the most important performer or role

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

livingnounUS /ˈlɪvɪŋ/

the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

looselyadverbUS /ˈluːsli/

in a relaxed manner; not rigid

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

majoradjectiveUS /ˈmeɪdʒər/

of greater importance or stature or rank

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

MASSnounUS /mæs/

the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

MoreoveradverbUS /mɔːˈroʊvər/

in addition to what has just been said

From this reading Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

organizedadjectiveUS /ˈɔːrɡənaɪzd/

formed into a structured or coherent whole, particularly on a large scale

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.

PRODUCTIONnounUS /prəˈdʌkʃən/

the act or process of producing something

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

professionaladjectiveUS /prəˈfeʃənəl/

engaged in a profession or engaging in as a profession or means of livelihood

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

professor'snounUS /prəˈfesərz/

possessive form of “professor” — someone who is a member of the faculty at a college or university

From this reading Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

ranknounUS /ræŋk/

a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

readilyadverbUS /ˈredəli/

without much difficulty

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

reasonsnounUS /ˈriːzənz/

plural of “reason” — a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

recentadjectiveUS /ˈriːsənt/

new

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

relationnounUS /riˈleɪʃən/

an abstraction belonging to or characteristic of two entities or parts together

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

scalenounUS /skeɪl/

an ordered reference standard

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

sevennounUS /ˈsevən/

the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

situationnounUS /ˌsɪtʃuːˈeɪʃən/

the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time

From this reading Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.

standardadjectiveUS /ˈstændərd/

conforming to or constituting a standard of measurement or value; or of the usual or regularized or accepted kind

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

StatisticsnounUS /stəˈtɪstɪks/

a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation of quantitative data and the use of probability theory to estimate population parameters

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

studentsnounUS /ˈstuːdənts/

plural of “student” — a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

studiesnounUS /ˈstʌdiz/

plural of “study” — a detailed critical inspection

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

teachernounUS /ˈtiːtʃər/

a person whose occupation is teaching

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

teachersnounUS /ˈtiːtʃərz/

plural of “teacher” — a person whose occupation is teaching

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

thanksnounUS /θæŋks/

an acknowledgment of appreciation

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

thousandnounUS /ˈθaʊzənd/

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Moreover it is easier to get at the economic situation of the professor’s household than it is to do so in the case of the others.

tradenounUS /treɪd/

the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

unionsnounUS /ˈjuːnjənz/

plural of “union” — an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

UniversitynounUS /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsəti/

the body of faculty and students at a university

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

wagenounUS /weɪdʒ/

something that remunerates

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION MASS PRODUCTION AND INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION Education in America, where there are about seven hundred thousand students in institutions of collegiate rank alone, has become almost a major industry.

workernounUS /ˈwɜːrkər/

a person who works at a specific occupation

From this reading For these various reasons the question of the professional income of the intellectual worker and its relation to the general wage or income scale of the country and the standard of living has largely been confined to the teacher.

YalenounUS /jeɪl/

a university in Connecticut

From this reading Statistics of income are readily available and, thanks to two recent studies, one made of the faculty of Yale and the other of that of the University of California, we have very definite information as to their detailed expenses.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Although teachers are not yet organized into trade unions there is a greater cohesion among them as a body than there is among artists, journalists, clergymen, authors, and other men leading what may loosely be called the artistic or intellectual life.

Chapter 8 of Our business civilization by James Truslow Adams holds 132 sentences, grouped into 27 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Our business civilization contain?

Chapter 8 holds 132 sentences of Our business civilization, unabridged, divided into 27 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Our business civilization by James Truslow Adams exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 132 sentences, grouped into 27 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Our business civilization?

Work through the 27 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 27 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Is this the complete text of Our business civilization?

Yes. All 2933 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #76007 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #76007, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Our business civilization take to read?

About 244 minutes of reading across 587 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Our business civilization

Words and structures a reader meets early in Our business civilization, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Italic
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our business civilization; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Displayed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our business civilization; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Chapters
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our business civilization; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Included
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our business civilization; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.