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Our Little Finnish Cousin
Our Little Finnish Cousin

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Our Little Finnish Cousin is here in full — 127 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Our Little Finnish Cousin
Context Illustration Reading 1/25 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
LAPLANDERS A HEAVY snow fell during the night.
After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.
To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.
There was only one rein for each of those in the _pulkas_ to hold.
"Notice the reindeer's foot," Juhani's companion bade him.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Our Little Finnish Cousin

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Our Little Finnish Cousin is here in full — 127 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/25 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
LAPLANDERS A HEAVY snow fell during the night.
Line 2
After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.
Line 3
To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.
/tuː iːtʃ ʌv ðiːz ðer wɑːz ˈhɑːrnəst ˈreɪndɪr ʌv ə dɑːrk ɡreɪ ˈkʌlər wɪð hjuːdʒ ˈbræntʃɪŋ ˈæntlərz/
Line 4
There was only one rein for each of those in the _pulkas_ to hold.
Line 5
"Notice the reindeer's foot," Juhani's companion bade him.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

antlers noun US /ˈæntlərz/

plural of “antler” — deciduous horn of a member of the deer family

From this reading “To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.”

awaiting verb US /əˈweɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “await” — look forward to the probable occurrence of

From this reading “After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.”

branching adjective US /ˈbræntʃɪŋ/

having branches

From this reading “To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.”

driver noun US /ˈdraɪvər/

the operator of a motor vehicle

From this reading “After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.”

harnessed adjective US /ˈhɑːrnəst/

brought under control and put to use

From this reading “To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.”

rein verb US /reɪn/

control and direct with or as if by reins

From this reading “There was only one rein for each of those in the _pulkas_ to hold.”

reindeer noun US /ˈreɪndɪr/

Arctic deer with large antlers in both sexes; called “reindeer” in Eurasia and “caribou” in North America

From this reading “To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.”

shaped adjective US /ʃeɪpt/

shaped to fit by or as if by altering the contours of a pliable mass (as by work or effort)

From this reading “After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

during the night preposition + article + noun counted as “during … night”

In this reading “LAPLANDERS A HEAVY snow fell during the night.”

dark gray noun + noun

In this reading “To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.”

HEAVY snow adjective + noun

In this reading “LAPLANDERS A HEAVY snow fell during the night.”

All words in this reading · 52

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading LAPLANDERS A HEAVY snow fell during the night.

AfterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.

antlersnounUS /ˈæntlərz/

plural of “antler” — deciduous horn of a member of the deer family

From this reading To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.

awaitingverbUS /əˈweɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “await” — look forward to the probable occurrence of

From this reading After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.

badenounUS /beɪd/

a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria

From this reading "Notice the reindeer's foot," Juhani's companion bade him.

boatnounUS /boʊt/

a small vessel for travel on water

From this reading After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.

branchingadjectiveUS /ˈbræntʃɪŋ/

having branches

From this reading To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.

breakfastverbUS /ˈbrekfəst/

eat an early morning meal

From this reading After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.

colornounUS /ˈkʌlər/

a visual attribute of things that results from the light they emit or transmit or reflect

From this reading To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.

companionnounUS /kəmˈpænjən/

a friend who is frequently in the company of another

From this reading "Notice the reindeer's foot," Juhani's companion bade him.

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.

drivernounUS /ˈdraɪvər/

the operator of a motor vehicle

From this reading After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading LAPLANDERS A HEAVY snow fell during the night.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.

fellverbUS /fel/

cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow

From this reading LAPLANDERS A HEAVY snow fell during the night.

footnounUS /fʊt/

the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading "Notice the reindeer's foot," Juhani's companion bade him.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading There was only one rein for each of those in the _pulkas_ to hold.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.

graynounUS /ɡreɪ/

a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black

From this reading To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.

harnessedadjectiveUS /ˈhɑːrnəst/

brought under control and put to use

From this reading To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.

HEAVYadjectiveUS /ˈhevi/

of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading LAPLANDERS A HEAVY snow fell during the night.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading "Notice the reindeer's foot," Juhani's companion bade him.

holdverbUS /hoʊld/

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading There was only one rein for each of those in the _pulkas_ to hold.

hugeadjectiveUS /hjuːdʒ/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading There was only one rein for each of those in the _pulkas_ to hold.

Juhani

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.

Juhani's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "Notice the reindeer's foot," Juhani's companion bade him.

LAPLANDERS

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LAPLANDERS A HEAVY snow fell during the night.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading LAPLANDERS A HEAVY snow fell during the night.

NoticenounUS /ˈnoʊtəs/

an announcement containing information about an event

From this reading "Notice the reindeer's foot," Juhani's companion bade him.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading There was only one rein for each of those in the _pulkas_ to hold.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading There was only one rein for each of those in the _pulkas_ to hold.

pulkas

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.

reinverbUS /reɪn/

control and direct with or as if by reins

From this reading There was only one rein for each of those in the _pulkas_ to hold.

reindeernounUS /ˈreɪndɪr/

Arctic deer with large antlers in both sexes; called “reindeer” in Eurasia and “caribou” in North America

From this reading To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.

reindeer's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "Notice the reindeer's foot," Juhani's companion bade him.

shapedadjectiveUS /ʃeɪpt/

shaped to fit by or as if by altering the contours of a pliable mass (as by work or effort)

From this reading After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.

sleighs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.

snownounUS /snoʊ/

precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals

From this reading LAPLANDERS A HEAVY snow fell during the night.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading LAPLANDERS A HEAVY snow fell during the night.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading There was only one rein for each of those in the _pulkas_ to hold.

ToparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading After they had had breakfast, Juhani and the driver found two _pulkas_ (boat shaped sleighs) awaiting them.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading To each of these there was harnessed reindeer of a dark gray color, with huge branching antlers.

Chapter 4 of Our Little Finnish Cousin by Clara Vostrovsky Winlow holds 127 sentences, grouped into 26 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Our Little Finnish Cousin contain?

Chapter 4 holds 127 sentences of Our Little Finnish Cousin, unabridged, divided into 26 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Our Little Finnish Cousin by Clara Vostrovsky Winlow exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 127 sentences, grouped into 26 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Our Little Finnish Cousin?

Work through the 26 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 26 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Our Little Finnish Cousin

Common questions about reading Our Little Finnish Cousin by Clara Vostrovsky Winlow on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Our Little Finnish Cousin?

Yes. All 966 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #43426 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Our Little Finnish Cousin is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #43426, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Our Little Finnish Cousin take to read?

About 80 minutes of reading across 194 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Our Little Finnish Cousin section by section

How to work through Our Little Finnish Cousin section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 8 chapters of Our Little Finnish Cousin to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Our Little Finnish Cousin

Words and structures a reader meets early in Our Little Finnish Cousin, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Cloth
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our Little Finnish Cousin; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Decorative
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our Little Finnish Cousin; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Illustrated
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our Little Finnish Cousin; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Laura
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Our Little Finnish Cousin; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.